Recently, the American geneticist David Reich, according to the results of studies, got by his group, published a hypothesis that 4.5 thousand years ago, the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by the tribes of nomadic pastoralists who came from the steppes of Eastern Europe, by so-called “people of the Yamnaya culture” (the Yamnaya people). Having a higher technological level (had four-wheeled carts, domesticated horses, etc.), those people quickly conquered the Iberian tribes, completely eliminating or enslaving the entire male autochthonous population. Such a rapid and, apparently, far from peaceful expansion led to the fact that the next generation of residents of the Iberian Peninsula had already 100% Y chromosomes (which are transmitted exclusively through the paternal line) of immigrants. The Yamnaya people brought their culture to the Peninsula, and probably the IndoEuropean language, the carriers and distributors of which they were, migrating across the expanses of Europe.

The Mediterranean has been the priority direction in the politics of Spain in the post-Franco era. When Spain entered the EEC in 1986 and participated between 1990 and 2000 in the Barcelona Process and the founding of the Union for the Mediterranean, the Mediterranean accent of its policy became even clearer. The Spain of today’s stage shares, in broad strokes, the EU’s approaches to politics in the Mediterranean region.      

The Spanish School of Mediterranean Studies is represented by a series of fundamental works from the centers of the International Research Institute of Barcelona, the Autonomous University of Madrid and other specialized institutions. In our study, the publications of famous public figures from Spain that came to light in the Spanish magazine “Política Exterior” are particularly important.      

The UPM was founded on July 13, 2008, during the Paris Summit for the Mediterranean, which was attended by representatives of 43 nations. Its implementation, however, took time to complete. The obstacles to the operation of the project were due to a series of causes. They were provoked, first of all, by the disparity between the EU members and the Mediterranean countries, as well as by the consequences of the Arab Spring, by the challenges of the Arab-Israeli settlement, and by the EU’s policy regarding some states in the region, in particular, to Syria.

Cooperation and development in the Mediterranean are the objective of the Union for the Mediterranean (UfM), an association that promotes peace and prosperity for an area with 750 million inhabitants.

The paper analyzes the activity of the Russian company «Power Machines PJSC» in Argentina and Brazil as an example of the Russian – Latin American energy cooperation in the 21st century. In this work, the chronology of the Russian company’s activity in the aforementioned Latin American countries has been established, with the relevant statistical data being provided as well. The strengths and weaknesses of the Russian company in review are also determined in the course of this work, with the current state of the Latin American energy market being taken into consideration. In the concluding part of the article, several case scenarios regarding the future of «Power Machines PJSC» in Argentina and Brazil are presented.

In the course of this paper, the following methods of research have been used: the historical method, the comparative method and the tabular method. The SWOT analysis method was also used.

The research has found that while «Power Machines PJSC» has proven to be a reliable supplier of equipment for the power plants in Argentina and Brazil (and will likely continue to function as such in the medium term), its future largely depends on whether Argentina and Brazil make the shift towards the renewable energy or the nuclear energy.

In our research, we aim to emphasize the importance of the decisions made by the government in functions as one to set up the Constituent National Assembly of Venezuela, or clarify the ideas of the national leader Nicolás Maduro, as, for example, his determination to rule out opposition parties. We will analyze how the President of the Republic managed to stop the process of insurrection and present the forecast of the actions to be undertaken by the opposition and the Venezuelan government.

In the essay I propose to give an account of an ancestral corpus, although new in its outline, since it involves the appearance of the indigenous as a subject of enunciation. I will stop at the abduction of writing as a new process and I propose to focus our attention on the word-voice that is not reduced to the wordletter steed. This does not require alphabetic writing, we find it in various forms and it allows us to express what a culture wants to transmit: I think of the kené [1], expressions of the Shipibo-conibo design or the payllay among the Quechua that explains that they want to communicate, amen of the still indecipherable quipus [2] Andean [3]. These same can be found in facial designs, without forgetting that the body itself is a form of language. The lecture that I will do implies the presence of several systems. I suggest that the current corpus of indigenous literatures accounts for an oral poetics that explains them, rooted in the updated memory of the ancestors and expressed in their activities (daily, traditional, rituals, cycles and seasonal periods, etc.). I support it in the people-culture pair that is based on history and accounts for a demonstration, whose historical reference will be the “long duration”. It is not reduced, therefore, to the candid writing/orality opposition, but to a dynamic relationship between word-voice, brand, sign or trace, body designs, etc. These poetics correspond to the domain of the word, so the orality of which we speak involves the continuity of an expression that writing does not always show in its linear capture, with respect to the autonomy and the confluence of the different forms that are produced in the event. True, they are accusing a new scenario that has to do with the modern abduction of writing. In the same sense, I will dwell on the logic of violence that embodied the presence of the old stranger (conqueror, Spanish or Portuguese) who now lives in that colonized mixture of our being. At the same time, it implies a look with respect to the European ego that constitutes the disseminator of modernity. Impossible to explain it, if we do not include in our agenda a reflection on territory and dispossession.

The theme of the article is framed in one of the main areas of modern linguistic research- a historical-cultural approach in the semantic studies of the lexicon. The national varieties of the Spanish language, given their undoubted unity, present distinctive characteristics, rooted in the distant historical past and, nevertheless, the chronotopic factors continue determining the semantic destinies of the words coming, etymologically, from the same roots. Gaucho and huaso, having developed from the same original sources, came to denote similar figures of rural life in Argentina and Chile, respectively. But the evaluative components, the use and, even, the graph, have been modified with the passage of time, and the voices continue their divergent course, despite the fact that globalization and market laws force them to play image roles in order to sell the “country brand” better.

The article contains the analysis of the peculiarities in the functioning of the intensifiers in the Spanish dialogic discourse of the media based on the fragments of the Spanish television programs Hormiguero 3.0, Salvados, Humanos y Divinos. The purpose of this analysis is to reveal the particularities of the use of intensifiers taking into account the specificity of the type of discourse analyzed. The features of the intensifiers (preferable use of “pure” intensifiers with the meaning of high or low degree, contribution of intensification to the increase of expressiveness of speech, participation of intensifiers in certain communicative and metacommunicative tasks of change of degree of a quality or action / reinforcement or attenuation of an evaluation / regulation or correction of the process of dialogic interaction / characteristic of the communicative action of the speaker) evidence a dependence on the communicative and pragmatic characteristics of the media discourse and its dialogic form.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the particular characteristics of the Spanish language in Uruguay, which is a variety of the Spanish language in Rio de la Plata (Argentina, Chili, Paraguay) and represents a special interest for the linguists, professors of Spanish language and foreign experts who go to work in Uruguay. We analyze the history of this particular language variety beginning from the epoch of the Spanish conquest, the influence of the local American languages (in particular of the Guarani Indians), as well as the Italian language and its dialects due to an important immigration from this country. We also pay attention to the phenomenon of the bilingualism, in other words the influence of the Portuguese language (the well-known “Portunol”) and the influence of the French language after the French immigration of the XIX century that led to gallicisms in Spanish language. All these facts provoked such linguistic characteristics as “an untypical use of some pronouns, a less rhythmical intonation and a very special vocabulary to compare with classical Spanish of Spain. The study is based on our own notes made during two trips to Uruguay, and on the “New Dictionary of Americanisms”, books of the history of Latin America and scientific works of the philologists who dedicated their studies to this subject.

The article touches upon the elements of the “competitive identity” of Spain – culture and tourism. Representation of a cultural heritage provides the image and development of Spain. Cultural heritage includes tangible and intangible culture, that are inherited from past generations, maintained in the present and preserved for the benefit of future generations. The public of cultural tourism is growing/ The art of interpretation of cultural heritage is not just to give information, but to connect emotionally with its public.

The main object of this communication is to describe in short and summarize form the history of Peru, beginning from prehispanic cultures to modern age, giving examples of cultural, archaeological and architectural testimonies. The intention of the author is to illustrate the fact that the Peruvians are the result of historical fusion of different cultures. The history of Peru has several stages that significantly influenced the process of the ethnicity of the country that has included different events and processes: migration that at times, was forced migration, like the arrival of people from Africa or China. The milestones in the history of Peru, from the point of view of the cycles of cultural that influenced the formation of the Peruvian nation were the following: the pre-Colombian era, arrival of the Spaniards, arrival of the first settlers-African (afro-Peruvian), the fight for independence. In the different stages of the history coexisted different ethnic groups: the original indigenous population, the Spanish, who ventured to come to Peru, Africans brought by the Europeans, Italians who came in search of work, Japanese and others. The conclusion reached after analysis of the material presented, is that the modern Peruvian nation is a fusion of ethnicities, nationalities and cultures and the problem of the ethnic identification for the population of Peru is still very current in the modern history.

The article deals with the new trend of adjectivation in modern Spanish, analyses a number of examples with the adjectives in –ista in terms of their formation, significance and using.

The article is concerned with the importance of the using of texts in the process of studying of foreign languages. The article gives an analysis of exercises for the texts. Attention is given to the differences between the exercises we use in the Russian and in the Spanish education systems.

The paper is devoted to the analysis of the semantic dynamics of the names of time segments, which are combined into lexical cyclic structures. Synchronous analysis using etymological data makes it possible to explain semantic transformations and to reveal derivational mechanisms.

The periodical press reflects modern reality, and the newspaper text becomes that integral element of modern society, which influences on social behavior, forms mass consciousness creates some myths and deconstructs the others. With the development of the Internet and the means of communication, the publicist text began to develop a new “environment”, gradually assimilating in the virtual space, creating a new phenomenon, a media text, which is of special interest for researchers.

The headline in the publicist media text serves as an attraction that makes the recipient pay attention to the proposed publication, go over the hyperlink and create a motivation to get acquainted with the main material of the article. In this vein, special attention is paid to the use of artistic means-irony, language games, metaphors, allusions, etc., since in the context of publicist discourse they become the main style-building components and attractive triggers. In our study, we consider allusion as one of the key components of the headline of publicist media text, as it reflects the culture layer that is common to the addressee and the recipient, thereby marking a certain cultural paradigm that dominates the given society.

Thus, the aim of our research is to analyze and systematize the basic principles of functioning of allusion in the headlines of publicist texts from the positions of media linguistics.