The main economic interests of Spain in the Mediterranean region during the study period were focused on the Maghreb countries and were mainly associated with the energy sector. The leading recipients of Spanish investments are Tunisia and Morocco. Relations with the countries of the Maghreb Spain relied on a solid

One of the most successful projects in the history of “serious” comics, Argentinian Mafalda by Quino, was published during the years 1963-1973, when the so-called Argentine Revolution coincided with the détente period. The Cold War and the participation of USSR in it were in Mafalda an important political subject, which became the topic of the present investigation.

The article is dedicated to some events of the personal history of Felipe II, so discussed by the historians of his time and modern scientists, who try to rehabilitate his image

The aim of the article is to define the contribution of Elisée Reclus, an outstanding French scientist and explorer of the 19th century, in shaping a new image of Spain which was based on the humanistic scientific ideas of the epoch. The paper gives a general overview of the ideas of Elisée Reclus formed under the influence of Karl Ritter, his German teacher. With this aim in view, the author of the article carries out an analysis of the ways of perception and interpretation of the geographic, historical, social and political reality in Spain in the second part of the 19th century in terms of geographic determinism. This approach proceeds from the assumption that the Man, as a constituent part of the natural order, is constantly affected by the environment. To get a better understanding of human habits and characteristics of a particular culture it is necessary to study its geographic conditions. The theoretical basis of the research determined the analytical and synthetic methods used in it. These methods made it possible to study the concrete materials (the authentic text by Elisée Reclus (1876)), to establish the correlation between scientific and philosophical principles of Elisée Reclus and his views on the geographic, eth-nographic, social and political reality in Spain at that time, to account for the conclusions he made on the basis of his ideas and observations in “Nouvelle Géographie Universelle” (“L´Espagne”).

A lo largo de la década que precedió al golpe militar de 1976, la inestabilidad institucional, económi-ca y social fue una constante en la Argentina. Sin embargo, el gobierno militar previo, instaurado por Juan Carlos Onganía en 1966, inauguró bueno parte de las políticas de transformación social y econó-mica que se terminaron de imponer una década después. El presente trabajo tendrá como propósito demostrar la importancia relativa que adquirieron las prácticas reivindicativas de los docentes prima-rios de la enseñanza pública tucumana, nucleados en torno a la Agremiación Tucumana de Educadores Provinciales (ATEP). Se demostrará que los docentes se articularon, junto al resto de trabajadores de la provincia, en las luchas sociales acometidas en un contexto de coerción política. Los distintos ensayos de reforma de la Ley de Educación que se quieren imponer nos servirán como eje interpretativo de las acciones colectivas de los trabajadores docentes, reaccionando en defensa de los valores consignados en la ley 1.420, aunque también trascendiendo del ámbito educativo y apuntando a consecuciones sociales que denotan una creciente politización de la militancia gremial docente. El análisis de las decisiones tomadas por la dirigencia y la militancia de ATEP, así como los desiguales rendimientos que ofrecieron las distintas interlocuciones con el gobierno provincial y nacional, servirán para arrojar luz sobre tra-yectoria seguida por los trabajadores docentes tucumanos.

The article deals with the image of Spain created by 18th century Russian travelers to the country. Their experiences, especially that of Alexander Vorontsov, not only created an image of the distant country in Rus-sia, but also affected the orientation of the Russian Court’s policy towards Spain, as the Vorontsovs were one of Russia’s most influential noble families in the second half of the 18th century.

Because the exchange of workers is a consolidated reality in the international arena, job interviews are frequently done in a foreign language. With the rise of outsourced recruitment and firms for recruitment and staff selection, interview scripts born in a different culture involving difficult answers for the candidate are proliferating. The present research investigates the questions that are considered more complex in a job interview, tries to clarify the nature of the difficulty, illustrates the possible answers and discusses the public / private barrier in intercultural work situations, adopting an educational perspective focused on classes of Spanish as a foreign language.

The article discusses some elements of the work of the Spanish writer Ramon Gomez de la Serna, who introduced to the world literature genre of so-called Greger (from the Spanish. greguería) - the shortest statements linking metaphor with the humor. The genre is analised from morphological, syntactic, and func-tional point of view, as well as its poetic signs. The conclusion is that in our times, when the stereotypes rule the world, an unusual look at the reality is of particular importance for creativity. Many examples are cited.

Presently, Basque toponymy comes out as the result of a dialogue between cultures and languages inside the original territory of Basqueland, as well as the result of a dialogue with the regions historically tied to Euskadi. The toponymy also includes Basque names in other lands, a presence that bears witness to a Basque expansion. This feature allows us to apply to the entire corpus of Basque toponymy a methodology that estab-lishes its dialogic and associative ties as well as its semiotic parameters. In view of the agglutinative character of the Basque language, it is possible to clearly define, from a historic perspective, the topoformative elements and their limits. Nowadays, on the other hand, an important characteristic of Basque toponymy is the pres-ence of duplicate names, a process explained by both an official policy and the standardization and revival of Basque language and literature.

With this workshop we would like to present the principles of project-based learning in second languages and how to implement it when teaching foreign languages. Moreover, we would like to share our experience in using this method in two parallel courses at the Leuphana Universität in Lüneburg and the Technische Universität Berlin, both located in Germany. Our idea to collaborate in the creation of educational materials which could be suitable to our needs arose in 2011. We were looking for a new teaching strategy to enable students to feel completely involved in situa-tions in which they could make practical use of the language, going beyond the limits of the classroom by car-rying out a project. At the same time, we could not forget the fact that we teach a language course for special purposes, with all what this implies: developing all four major skills, paying special attention to the specific vocabulary and creating virtual rooms to learn so that this process could be continued after the classes. With the passage of time, we have been able to confirm that this working model enables us to achieve most of the objectives of the University Curricula in a much more efficient way.

This study is focusing on the Language training of the teachers in French universities, and especially on the LANSAD training (foreign languages for students studying other subjects). After a description of this training (objectives, students, methodology and pedagogy), our conclusion is that teachers have to know how to put into practice their knowledge in connection with the intercultural and psychological exchanges.

The investigation that we present is based on the ability to generate an endless number of words from a morphophonological process, in particular, acronymic derivation. We center our work on a delimited terri-tory: the peninsular Spanish. Throughout our study, we’ll show the latest creative tendencies in the subject of acronymic derivation in the Iberian Peninsula, using certain premises and targets that we’ll specify further. After a series of terminological clarifications, we’ll take as an observation area a lexical corpus that we’ll present and which analysis will allow us to draw some conclusions

Based on the data obtained in the project ‘Inmigrant Woman, Language and Society: New Perspectives for Integration”, which is being developed in the University of Vigo, we analyse the relations between the use of specific speech acts and the processes of assimilation, adaptation, integration, and cultural and language preservation that inmigrant women show in the host community, and specifically in this case, in Galicia, an autonomous territory from Spain.

Annotated article is dedicated to the struggle of minority languages, particularly of the language of Aran, for official recognition. This struggle is unfolding against the backdrop of the European Union’s policy of multiculturalism, which is experiencing a deep crisis at the present moment.

The article touches upon the idea of common spiritual and intellectual values of the Russian and Mexi-can nations, of the mutual influence and mutual penetration of the cultures that leads to spiritual unity and better understanding between the representatives of different cultures and the idea of such mutual influence reflection in the language.

ADOLL is a European project which addresses gaps in the language learning resources for the blind and visually impaired. In particular, the project deals with the creation of a multilingual online applica-tion for language learning accessible to unsighted and partially sighted computer users. The purpose of this application is to enable learners with sight problems to acquire basic language competences in three world languages: Spanish, Russian and English. It is intended to be used by adult users (aged 16 years or older). The critical issue of the development is to ensure compliance of the innovative e-learning ap-plication with the international accessibility standards. Therefore special attention is paid to the issue of compatibility of the e-learning platform with the assistive devices widely used by the blind and visually impaired

The article examines a correlation between the concepts “national mentality” and “national language”: mutual influence, Spanish manifestations of ethnic and cultural stereotypes which are peculiars to the Span-ish worldvision, translation’s application.

The article is dedicated to the investigation of the influence of word pragmatic potential on the process of taking translation decisions. The most part of attention is focused on the translation difficulties of the lingual pragmatic categories components, on the specifics of the pragmatic relations in the process of bilingual com-munication, as well as on the importance of translator in these latter days

The article specifies the concept of spatial orientation and the potentials of the construction nombre sus-tantivo + adverbio are identified to determine the position of the human body and the body of an animal and an inanimate object in Spanish as well. It describes the functional capacity of the construction and the features of its representation at the lexical, morphological and syntactic levels

The article examines linguistic fashions in modern Spanish that determine the increase of the use of some words and condemn others to oblivion, dismissing them of the current language. One of the main causes leading to the fact that the word falls into disuse, is attributed to the political, economic, ideological, scientif-ic-technical, social and cultural changes experienced by the society. As soon as the reality is transformed, the active vocabulary is modified: some words die, others, many other, are born. However, we must not forget that the words constitute people like a linguocultural community. That’s why we must be conscious that the forgotten words represent a common knowledge, giving the assurance that dif-ferent generations share the same values and the same rules. The best recipe to save the words that are out of fashion is to insist on its use, introducing them in everyday speech

For the last decades the coexistence of Spanish and Catalan has experienced an identity crisis, a clash between the languages that is not apparent in other ambilingual territories or other Catalan-speaking regions. This paper will show the reasons behind these misunderstandings and will advance a procedure to analyze them. It will also consider principles of respect between each of the language speakers as well as how linguistic politics clash with basic principles related to the evolution and reciprocity of languages. These concepts will be grounded in general socio-linguistic theory concerning the feelings of belonging (mother tongue) and of learning (forein language) and the respective communication codes of their users. This presentation draws from my recently published book Las batallas de la eñe: lenguas condicionadas y nacionalismos exaltados, a study that reveals the discrepancies among the Central and autonomous Spanish governments’ blueprints and arrangements, natural selection principles and language usage.

The article focuses on the original evaluative Spanish proverbs with the components “rey” and “ley” and is aimed at revealing stereotypes existing in the area of ‘authority’ and ‘law order’, as well as the type of po-litical culture. The analysis of the material has revealed the prevalence of negative appreciation of the power and laws and the lack of cooperation with the people, that is the parochial-subject political culture.

The aim of the article is to analyse the discourse of Eva Peron, the famouse first lady of Argentina during the presidence of Juan Domingo Peron. Her manner of appearing in public, the language of her speeches, poor and simple, but very efficient, her oratory and stylistic methods made her the image of “the best beloved and the most hated argentinian of all the times”. Evita not only created her image, but also a cult of her per-sonality, that founds adepts, till now, all over the world.