After formal «disarmament» in April 2017, in the Basque terrorist organization ETA, which professes a radical nationalist ideology and fights for the independence of the Basque Country, the process of internal debate about its future began. The members of the ETA, most of whom serve long prison sentences in Spanish prisons, are called upon to vote in favor of the dissolution of the ETA in a vote on the outcome of the debate. Nevertheless, the termination of the existence of a terrorist syndicate will not mean that its members will disperse to their homes. The leadership of the organization calls on them to continue fighting for their ideals with political means in the ranks of the legal Basque left nationalists (the so-called izquierda abertzale). Although the problem of Basque terrorism in recent years has lost its sharpness and does not occupy today the first place among the issues of concern to the Spanish society, the departure from the political arena of the ETA - a relic of the era of national liberation movements of the middle of the last century -, in the opinion of the author, has not only a symbolic, but also historical significance.

The article notes that the cooperation of Spain with the United States during the study period, remains one of the priority directions of foreign policy of Madrid. Spanish analysts believe that bilateral relations are developing in a positive way, despite the fact that Spain, contrary to the will of the United States, in the spring of 2004 decided to withdraw their troops from Iraq. A special place in bilateral contacts is given to cooperation in the military-political sphere and in Economics. It should be noted that after a period of noticeable recession in the Spanish-American relations emerging in the years of the Bush presidency, when the Obama administration there has been a trend towards full normalization of the bilateral cooperation between Madrid and Washington NATO is considered in the Madrid basic element in the scheme of Euro-Atlantic security. Spanish military contingents have participated in NATO operations. While Madrid seeks to remain a loyal partner of the Alliance. Spain joined the anti-missile defence system (NMD) in Europe. At the same time, the Spanish administration has sought to actively defend its own national interests, and to have one’s own vision of European security issues. However, Madrid insisted on special attention to the issues of cooperation of NATO with countries of the Mediterranean, on the assumption that the main threats for Europe and Spain do not come from the East and from the South (terrorism, illegal migration).

This text realizes a revision to the contributions of the Spanish Republican exile in Mexico. We can see the evolution of the Spanish Republican exile in the country of reception. The article studies the particularities of an exile of long duration that determined the relations between Spain and Mexico for forty years.

The article is dedicated to the important transformations in the foreign policy of the United States and the economic and political course towards Latin America after Donald Trump’s first year in White House. The position of D. Trump is shown at the moment of participation in the election campaign and after his victory. The author draws special attention to the cooperation of the USA with Latin American countries, the development of relations with Cuba and to the migration problem.

Given that one of the functions of the press is to inform us about facts and events, in this study we intend to explain some of the stylistic resources and images most widely used in the press in order to heighten, reject or denigrate some of the information presented. Through the study of images and rhetorical figures, we will approach the intrinsic thought of the author. We will observe that in the press communication occurs unilaterally: the sender (author of the article) always presents his or her message to the receiver (the reader) and this allows us to foresee the reaction that he or she intends to produce in the receiver.Thus, this study focuses on the way in which facts and events are presented in the press, rather than on the content.

In a knowledge-based society, education is seen as the main source of economic growth. Guatemala is a multilingual country where bilingual education plays an important role because indigenous languages as well as Spanish are in use. In this regard, an educational reform is required to promote bilingual education in order to help indigenous peoples reveal their potential, participate in social and political life, maintain their culture and achieve intercultural coexistence.

The article deals with the peculiarities of national cuisine, which is a part of the cultural, historical and public heritage of Spain. According to UNESCO, the Mediterranean diet, which is the basis of Spanish gastronomy, was listed in the world’s intangible heritage of mankind. Special attention is paid to traditional dishes of various autonomous communities, in which their traditions and customs are preserved. The article lists the main dishes of national cuisine, which are widely known far beyond Spain, and explains the origin of their names. Knowledge of the traditions of the national cuisine is a manifestation of respect for the country and its people, the desire to better study its history and understand the features of the national character.

The article is about the peculiarities of the linguistic units, typical for Paraguay, together with its forms of speech and its use in literature. A description and general classification of the paraguayisms from several points of view is made: formal classification (phonetic paraguayisms; grammatical (morphosyntactic); lexical (including idioms and turns of speech); as well as its semantic classification. The sociolinguistic aspect in the use of paraguayisms in the daily life of the Paraguayans and in the literature of the country is underlined. The maximum attention in the article is paid to the lexical units. It is mentioned that the peculiarities of the language of Paraguay can be explained by considering the fact that Paraguay is a bilingual country where both Spanish and Guarani are spoken alike. In this regard, Paraguay is the only country in the world where the aboriginal language is officially enacted as the national language in accordance with the Paraguayan Constitution. Another aim of this article is to pay attention to the functions of paraguayisms, that emerge in the novel entitled Gunter’s winter by Juan Manuel Marcos. This novel is a striking example of the new Postboom Latin American literary movement, and has been considered by notorious specialists as the main Paraguayan novel of the last four decades, as well as one of the ten most important books in the history of Paraguay, and it has been translated into more than 40 languages.

In the focus of the present study is the emotive-modal content of the “big city” (Buenos Aires) concept within the cultural worldview of the Argentines. On the basis of texts of two contemporary poets, Jorge Luis Borges (1899-1986) and Oliverio Girondo (1891-1967), the emotive semantics of words belonging to the Argentinian variety of Spanish, specifically actualized in poetic speech acts is analyzed.

The article examines the main stages of formation and development of advertising in Spain. The relevance of the research is determined by the lack of study of Spanish advertising as a socio-cultural phenomenon, as well as the need for a comprehensive cultural analysis of its features. The obtained data can contribute to the study of national and cultural originality of the Spanish worldview, as well as serve as an incentive for further research in this area. The aim of the study is to conduct a retrospective analysis of advertising activities in Spain, taking into account historical and socio-cultural realities. The basic tasks are to understand the socio-cultural origins of advertising in Spain and to determine the stages of its development. The methodological basis of the study consists of works on the history and culture of Spain. The special literature on advertising, history, cultural studies, philosophy, as well as articles in periodicals and electronic Internet sources served as an information base for the study. A study of advertising as an integral cultural phenomenon associated with the values and traditions of the peoples studied by many researchers, in particular R. Barth, M. Foucault, U. Eco, P. Bourdieu, B. Malinowski, C. Lévi-Strauss, C. Taylor. Sharing their proposed ideas this article refers to the retrospective analysis of formation and development of advertising as a sociocultural phenomenon in Spain.

The article analyses cyberdemocracy as a new kind of politics in Spain, presents its key features and provides a comprehensive definition of cyberdemocracy on the basis of the existent ones. The phenomenon of cyberdemocracy is also analysed in the context of sociological linguistics, with a brief review of Spanish researches on the respective issue. A list of neologisms that appeared in the Spanish media discourse due to a new phenomenon is given, and a number of examples of ciberdemocracy manifestations in the social life of Spain are provided.