The purpose of this article is to analyze the particular characteristics of the Spanish language in Uruguay, which is a variety of the Spanish language in Rio de la Plata (Argentina, Chili, Paraguay) and represents a special interest for the linguists, professors of Spanish language and foreign experts who go to work in Uruguay. We analyze the history of this particular language variety beginning from the epoch of the Spanish conquest, the influence of the local American languages (in particular of the Guarani Indians), as well as the Italian language and its dialects due to an important immigration from this country. We also pay attention to the phenomenon of the bilingualism, in other words the influence of the Portuguese language (the well-known “Portunol”) and the influence of the French language after the French immigration of the XIX century that led to gallicisms in Spanish language. All these facts provoked such linguistic characteristics as “an untypical use of some pronouns, a less rhythmical intonation and a very special vocabulary to compare with classical Spanish of Spain. The study is based on our own notes made during two trips to Uruguay, and on the “New Dictionary of Americanisms”, books of the history of Latin America and scientific works of the philologists who dedicated their studies to this subject.

The paper examines the socio-economic situation of children and adolescents inLatin Americaand the dynamics of its change in the light of the adoption of the UN Convention on the rights of the child in 1989. The main directions of state policy for the protection of children’s rights are analyzed taking into account the specific features of the regional situation and in the context of the principles underlying the concept of sustainable development. The main attention is paid to the analysis of the formation of new state mechanisms, the so called comprehensive system of protection of children and adolescents, as well as methods of ensuring their social rights and programs aimed at combating child poverty-an acute problem in the field of rights.

The article is devoted to one of the most vivid episodes of the Spanish civil war, the defense of Madrid in the autumn of 1936. The author tells about the participation in the war of members of International brigades, Soviet military specialists, shares his own memories of the opening of the monument to Soviet volunteers in the suburbs of Madrid in 1989. The article assesses the role in the defense of the Spanish capital and in subsequent events of some prominent figures of the Republican political and military leadership, in particular Prime Minister Largo Caballero, General Miaja and Lieutenant Colonel, and later General Vicente Rojo.

Europe is dwarfing: climate change, refugees from depressed countries, religious struggle. The vertiginous speed of the networks, the strength of the internet is overcoming any maneuver that may pretend to hide the truth or lie in the evolution of any country or continent. Europe colonized America and, in agreement, the person in charge was Christopher Columbus and Spain, but Europe, sooner or later, will have to assume a change of roles in world geopolitics or it does not seem that we can glimpse an exciting and promising future.

From the origins of the Muslim religion, Muhammad was both military and spiritual leader. His political project was materialized in the form of an Islamic state, where the law was the divine law. Throughout the centuries, this caliphate has been established in different places and in different ways. In June 2014, it was proclaimed in the Sham, in Iraq and Syria. It should be asked if this model of Islamic State is the real one and whether the violence is consubstantial to Islam or it can get away with it.

In 2018, Spain and China signed a package of investment agreements opening a new stage in their economic cooperation. Both parties expect to develop production cooperation, including in technologically advanced industries. China is rapidly expanding its investment presence abroad. However, the offensive nature of its investment policy creates certain obstacles and risks for the EU countries, which Spain has to reckon with.

The topicality of the article is that the party system of Spain is undergoing serious transformations, the positioning of political forces and their ideologies, the organizational structure are changing significantly. National parliamentary elections are held for the fourth time in 4 years, which is unique to the countries of consolidated democracy. Trends in the development of Spain are relevant for cross- national comparisons of party systems. Methods – systems approach, synchronous comparative analysis, a secondary analysis of the results of opinion polls, mapping of party support in the elections. Materials: regulations; statements by party leaders; pre-election programs; results of sociological surveys; statistics on the results of elections. Results: The crisis of the party system in Spain is peculiar to the transition from a bipartisan model to a model of moderate pluralism, increased fragmentation, significant volatility, and the dependence of the main national parties on the support of regional parties. In the electoral cycle of 2019, the party system of Spain is a system of moderate pluralism (5 leading actors) with the growing role of regional parties, pragmatic coalitions are inevitable for creating a government. The economic recovery of 2014–2019 influenced the decline in the influence of “Unidos Podemos”, their electorate partially returned to the PSOE. In European and subnational elections, these trends are even more pronounced due to the format of electoral systems and the isolation of regional party systems. The threefold structure of the Spanish electorate, distributed mainly among left-leaning centers, center-right and regional nationalists, is preserved. An analysis of the statistical results of the elections and questionnaires proves an inversely correlated relationship between the level of support for the PSOE and “Unidos Podemos” in the center-left segment, and the level of support for the People’s Party, “Citizens” and “Vox” in the center-right camp. The influence of parties is extremely uneven across autonomous communities, and unevenness is increasing. The increase in the instability of the party system in Spain is predicted due to the growing influence of new parties and the underdeveloped culture of parliamentary coalitions. This process increases the chances of Catalan nationalists. A radical reform of the political system of Spain is brewing; the electorate of the left parties expresses the greatest demand for reform.

The article discusses the last electoral successes of “Vox” (Spanish right-wing conservative party) whose achievement came as a surprise to most analysts. The author of the article considers “Vox” phenomenon from the point of view of national and cultural processes in post-Franco Spain. He thinks it possible to see here among other things the reaction of part of Spanish society to the “identity crisis” which they are now experiencing.

In a turbulent global economy, the introduction of innovations in the banking sector is a key factor in improving efficiency and stabilizing the global financial system. World financial and economic crisis of 2008-2009 became a serious test for the economy of Spain. The recognition of the importance of adapting the banking sector to new economic conditions is becoming increasingly relevant for considering modern processes taking place in the European Union and in the global economy as a whole. Spain is at the forefront in introducing digital technology into the banking sector, but its experience has been little studied. This is the first work analyzing the Spanish experience in introducing, developing and operating new technologies: Blockchain, mobile banking applications, alternative finance, sharing platforms, crowdsourcing. The author concludes that the introduction of innovation has transformed the banking sector in Spain and has led to a decrease in bank employees and a reduction in offices. The freed up resources were directed to the activation of the digital segment, which led to the leading position of Spain in digital banking. In the future, an even greater spread and development of these technologies is expected. It will grow more slowly than income, as deferred demand is absorbed and households increase their savings rates.

In recent years, the world economy has become more unstable and relations between countries in different regions have deteriorated. As a result, we can talk about an international economic confrontation. The main reasons for this situation seem to be traceable: so-called trade wars, neo-protectionism, financial and other sanctions. Many countries around the world, including Russia and Spain, are victims of one or more aspects of the phenomenon. Trade wars are undoubtedly at the heart of economic battles. They have a long history, but the current wave of trade wars has been driven by President Donald Trump’s economic policies. In his opinion, the root of the U.S. economic problems lies in its trade deficit with China, the European Union, Mexico and some other countries of the world. With the idea that “trade wars are good and easy to win”, Washington unilaterally tore up the agreements reached: the Paris climate accord, the Trans-Pacific Partnership, the nuclear deal with Iran, the free trade agreement with Mexico and Canada. In addition, Trump has raised tariffs on hundreds of manufactured goods imported by the United States (steel, aluminum, washing machines, solar panels, etc.) and threatened the European Union with higher tariffs on cars. The trade wars unleashed by the White House will have long-term direct and indirect consequences for the state of the world economy. Russia and Spain are heavily dependent on international markets. That is why complications in world trade are contrary to the interests of both countries.

Despite active implementing of Roman Jakobson’s classical term «indexical symbol» relating to pronouns, the analysis of Charles Pierce’s theory, which is the pillar of Jakobson’s ideas, puts this term in doubt. As Pierce’s works have defined approaches to any language research so far, their study is relevant due to the growing role of communication.

The Theoretical Background of this article is Pierce’s theory of signs, the statements of which are conferred with Jakobson’s ideas using analytical-comparative method.

The Study Procedure includes exposition and analysis of Jakobson’s theory five statements.

The Study Results are the substantiation of their nonderivability from Pierce’s theory considering modern scientific knowledge logic.

1,4. Pronouns are linked to the object denoted conventionally and existentially, so they are indexical symbols.

The objects of pronouns and nouns (symbols) are different. Unlike a noun a pronoun doesn’t denote a class of things.

Index existential relation doesn’t combine with conventional and ontological symbol relations, creating instead of relations between a sign and an object a vector of attention focusing on a real object having concrete coordinates as incentive to revise a symbol ontological aspect.

2. «I» means «person uttering «I».

It’s true from the viewpoint of the other person denoting an uttering person as «he/she». If we consider «I» to be a symbol, a person denoting himself/herself like «I», opposes to himself/herself himself/herself as a person whom he/she can denote like «he/she», which is logically inacceptable. And the evident «neighborhood» of Index and Symbol and the latent presence of Symbol in the evident Index are impossible in Pierce’s system.

3. Any shifter has its own general meaning.

According to Pierce, Indexes have a general meaning, but Symbols have a general meaning and a general concept.

5. Indexical symbols overlap code and message.

In Jakobson’s theory a code is a sign system, so a pronoun can be any sign. Summarizing, by contrast with Jakobson’s theory of «indexical symbol», Pierce’s ideas allow distinguishing symbol and index considering their objects and character of their relation with objects and define peculiarities of symbol and index interaction in language and speech, so they seem promising for studying a sign nature of pronouns.

The article considers the effectiveness of the Spanish party Podemos discourse from the standpoint of cognitive science and pragmalinguistics. It argues that inconsistency in the development of discourse as well as communicative failures tend to play a significant role in promoting or degrading political communication and, as a result, affect the dynamics of electoral support.

Given the thesis of linguo-pragmatists that the source of communicative failure can be both the communicant himself and the circumstances of the communicative act, the author carries out a discourse analysis of the rhetoric of the Podemos leaders in a chronological framework - 2014-2019, focusing not only on the evolution of pragmalinguistic practices, but also on the pragmatic context of communicative events.

Having ascertained the high media dependence of the Podemos discourse and its performative nature, it has been revealed that the repeated nature of “performative misfires” or communicative failures leads to disruption of the discourse sequence, a decrease in its effectiveness, and even erosion of the communicator’s discursive identity.

It seems that if the aggressive communication tactics of “media scandals” are likely to bring politicians popularity at the starting stage, then voters subsequently expect logic and consistency from their representatives, and the discontinuity and incomprehensible change of the discursive framework for the audience may lead to uncontrolled consequences for the addresser. It is recorded that the decline in Podemos’s electoral support in the general and municipal elections in Spain in 2019 may refer to large media scandals around the party’s activities, which have been triggered by violations of discursive logic.