Mutual trade restrictions between Russia and the countries of the West have contributed to a sharp (about 40 %) reduction in the Russian-Spanish trade. For Spain, which has not yet overcome the structural consequences of the 2008-2009 crisis (the debt problem, high unemployment, the precariousness of the real estate market), promotion of external relations is one of the main factors of economic growth. Spain is among the top ten global investors. Its legislation stimulates the export of capital. Partial compensation of its losses in the Russian market can be the delocalization of production - the direct investment of Spanish companies. In Russia operate such leading Spanish companies as Iberdrola, Gestamp, the bank BBVA. For its part, Spain has simplified the industries.

The article notes that the geographical location and historical links with the Mediterranean countries, together with the accession to the EU resulted in a special position of Spain as the initiator of the Barcelona process: meetings and conferences at various levels for the development of Euro-Mediterranean cooperation in different spheres within the EU. Creation of the Union for the Mediterranean was actually a continuation of the Barcelona process

Socio-economic changes in Spanish society that emerged in the end of the first decade of this century as a result of a deep financial crisis and moral weariness of the population from the corrupt politicians, have led to the emergence of new political forces which quickly gained popularity. It applies most of all to the party Podemos, headed by a charismatic leader, Pablo Iglesias. The success of Podemos caused a shock for the ruling elite of Spain, accustomed during the years of democracy to the two-party system and a relatively similar electoral and governmental rhetoric. Aesthetics, as a reflection of real life and value attitude, goes hand in hand with politics. The change in ideology and a challenge to the system lead to new forms of public activities, of the mobilization of supporters, of election campaign, clothing, manners, discourse, etc. New aesthetics is against of obvious, changes the usual symbols.The deputies of Podemos and other leftist challenge prevailing conventions and introduce to the «sacred» Parliament the real life of the street. The denial of parliamentary dress code means not desire to play by the rules of the «caste». The colloquial language typical for the media, television talk shows and glamorous magazines is usual now in the Parliament. The policy changes its iconographic attributes and the language of communication. Currently, in Spain, in social terms, two aesthetic, and thus ideological systems are facing: alternative - anti-globalization in fact, and so called «neotransit», i.e. the idealization of the first years of democracy, when there was political consensus and stability. The future will show which tendency will be viable and long lasting, it will depend on global circunstances that are in the constant movement and unpredictable direction.

The article deals with the background of the Historical Memory Law that was passed in 2007. It stirred up the Spanish society and caused fierce debates which demonstrated how sensitive this issue is for the Spaniards and how controversial their attitude is towards the Francoist past of the country. At the same time the debate surrounding this issue often depended on political preferences and wasn’t built on the basis of scientific interest

Recent studies reveal that a significant part of the European youth is still in difficult circumstances as a result of the protracted economic crisis. The situation is particularly hard in the south of Europe, where the level of youth un-employment is still high, and it seems uncertain whether it improves in the future. In addition, there is a growth in the share of so-called NEET generation, i.e. young people neither in employment nor in education or training. It leads to a dramatic waste of national human capital. Statistical data proves that the Spanish case study is one of the most complicated.

Spain is one of the European countries where global cultural and ideological transformation - distinctive for the late 20th-early 21st century - has been particularly profound and radical. This led in Spain to the coexistence and confrontation of two different systems of values: the “old”, associated with the usual ideological tenets and the “new” one, liberal and focused on “political correctness”, “tolerance”, “feminism”, etc. The author considers a number of traditional folk festivals in modern Spain from the point of view of different specific situations of the value-ideological confrontation, with its course, results and possible prospects.

The aim of the research is to analyze transformation of the Spanish banking sector after the financial crisis of the year 2008. The author examines a hypothesis that banking system played an important role in the development of Spain’s economy. Spain’s banking sector was substantially transformed during the economic crisis, and now serves as a prerequisite for development of Spain’s national economy during post crisis period

In the article are considered the prospects of forming of Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) between the EU and the USA. The article analyzes the importance of transatlantic interaction for economy of Spain and its line items in the EU.

The article examines the crisis of representative democracy in Spain, which is characterized by the growth of the population’s critical attitudes towards politicians and political institutions and the decline of the latter’s influence. Special attention is given to the reorganization of the party system, manifesting in the weakening of traditional parties’ influence and strengthening of newcomer parties challenging old elites. Political modernization is not a straightforward process, and can yield results different from the initiators’ expectations

The article is dedicated to one of the most important problems of Spain’s foreign policy, namely the problem of the two Spanish enclaves located on the territory of Morocco - Ceuta and Melilla. The historical and legal provisions form the basis of arguments of the Spanish and Moroccan parts justifying their claim to these disputed territories. A comparison is made between the problems of Ceuta and Melilla and Gibraltar.Particular attention is paid to the question of whether they are covered by NATO’s security guarantee. The author substantiates that Morocco is using the issue of Ceuta and Melilla as a means of pressure on Spain to get benefits in other areas, including trade, immigration, and fishing. Rabat also seeks to force Spain to change its position on the Western Sahara. The current situation of the Spanish cities in the light of their current economic, migratory and political problems is analyzed. It isemphasized that illegal immigration mostly from sub-Saharan countries is one of the main problems of the Spanish-Moroccan relations, complicating the situation in Ceuta and Melilla. This problem is far from being resolved. The main task of the Western countries regarding this issue is the maintenance of stability in the region, which perfectly meets the interests of Spain. Madrid’s efforts are focused primarily on prevention of such development of political and economic situation which would put the country before the need to strengthen its southern border by military means. This strategic objective has become particularly relevant in light of recent events in North Africa.

Official contacts between Spain and Russia began in 1519. 11.08.1723 Russian Emperor Peter I ordered to establish direct trade relations with Spain and send to Cadiz three Russian spacecraft with cargo. Ships loaded lard, hemp, rope, wool, linen, canvas, linen and caviar. Court arrived safely in Cadiz, and the

The purpose of this article is to show how in modern Spain the language is successfully used not only for defending their nationalist interests (linguistic nationalism), but also in the struggle against the structures of language, that reflect the gender-based discrimination (linguistic sexism)

The article analyzes the phenomenon of linguo-cultural separatism in the Catalan language area in Spain which rejects the idea of language unity and cultural community of peoples that populate it. We also look at the tasks and problems of language normalization and codification that are faced by the regional governments of the territories in the Catalan language historical area

The article focuses on the evolution of the Spanish media discourse which reflects and verbalizes mentality, modeling the world around and creating mentality and culture of the society. The media discourse is formed by proper language tools and by the system of the cognitive and cultural components that are relevant for a particular historical period. The process of updating and expanding of the conceptual sphere of the media discourse happens constantly as a response to the development of society and its institutions, technological progress, emergence of new political, economic and socio-cultural factors. The media discourse is the first to react to these events by creating, capturing and replicating a new vocabulary and new concepts