<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cuadernos</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Ибероамериканские тетради</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Cuadernos Iberoamericanos</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2409-3416</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5219</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MGIMO</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.46272/2409-3416-2025-13-4-60-78</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">cuadernos-726</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИБЕРОАМЕРИКА: ОПЫТ ПРОШЛОГО И НАСТОЯЩЕЕ. ИСТОРИЯ. КУЛЬТУРА. ИСКУССТВО</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>IBEROAMÉRICA: EXPERIENCIA DEL PASADO Y DEL PRESENTE. HISTORIA. CULTURA. ARTE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Вооруженные силы Испании в системе власти первого франкизма (1939–1957 гг.)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Armed Forces of Spain in the Power Structure of the Early Franco Regime (1939–1957)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5964-2209</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Филатов</surname><given-names>Г. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Filatov</surname><given-names>G. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Филатов Георгий Андреевич, канд. ист. наук, старший научный сотрудник</p><p>119334, Москва, Ленинский пр., 32а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Georgy A. Filatov, PhD in History, Senior Research Fellow, Institute of World History</p><p>119334, Moscow, Leninsky Prospekt, 32a</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">georgefilatov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт всеобщей истории РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>60</fpage><lpage>78</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Филатов Г.А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Филатов Г.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Filatov G.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.iberpapers.org/jour/article/view/726">https://www.iberpapers.org/jour/article/view/726</self-uri><abstract><p>Вооруженные силы играли ключевую роль в поддержании стабильности франкистского режима, который первоначально возник как военная диктатура. Особенно ярко это проявилось в первый период его существования (1939–1957 гг.). Франко удалось создать систему, обеспечивающую лояльность армии, что стало ключевым фактором долговечности его правления. Для этого режим использовал комплекс мер. С одной стороны, были устранены те преобразования времен Второй республики, которые вызывали наибольшее недовольство среди военных. Была восстановлена структура вооруженных сил, существовавшая до падения монархии в 1931 г. Режим отказался от сокращения офицерских кадров, несмотря на завершение боевых действий. Военным предоставили многочисленные привилегии, включая стабильное обеспечение, доступ к дефицитным товарам. Они имели преференции при занятии гражданских должностей. С другой стороны, так как армия была единственной реальной силой, способной угрожать власти Франко, управление войсками было выстроено так, чтобы усложнить взаимодействие между заговорщиками. Министерство обороны было разделено на три ведомства, в рамках которых создавались свои собственные командные структуры. Особое внимание уделялось роли военных в экономике, где они занимали ключевые посты в государственных и частных предприятиях, что способствовало их обогащению и снижало риск недовольства. Были выстроены специальные механизмы контроля над генералитетом, включая назначения на должности, которые, с одной стороны, были почетными, а с другой — ограничивали их влияние. В итоге выстроенная Франко система обеспечивала лояльность вооруженных сил, что позволило ему удерживать власть более тридцати лет.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The armed forces were pivotal to sustaining the stability of the Francoist regime, which initially crystallized as a military dictatorship. This was particularly evident during the initial phase of the regime (1939–1957). Franco successfully engineered an institutional framework that guaranteed the loyalty of the military establishment, a factor that proved decisive in ensuring the durability of his dictatorship. To this end, the regime resorted to various measures. On the one hand, the republican reforms that had generated resentment within the officer corps were systematically dismantled. The pre-republican military structure, in place prior to the abolition of the monarchy in 1931, was reinstated. The regime did not make officers redundant in spite of the cessation of hostilities. The armed forces enjoyed a wide array of privileges, ranging from secure material provisions to preferential access to scarce commodities, alongside advantages in the competition for civilian administrative jobs. On the other hand, since the army was the only force capable of challenging Franco’s authority, command was deliberately organized so as to hinder coordination among potential conspirators. The Ministry of Defense was divided into three distinct departments, each endowed with its own autonomous command hierarchy. Significant emphasis was also placed on integrating the military into the economic sphere. Officers took up strategic posts in both state-owned and private enterprises, which simultaneously made them wealthier and diminished the chances of organized dissent. Moreover, mechanisms of control over military lidership were carefully institutionalized, including the practice of assigning officers to posts that, while ostensibly prestigious, effectively curtailed their capacity to exert political influence. On balance, the system meticulously constructed under Franco entrenched the loyalty of the armed forces, thereby enabling him to consolidate and preserve his authority for over three decades.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Франко</kwd><kwd>Испания</kwd><kwd>франкизм</kwd><kwd>вооруженные силы</kwd><kwd>армия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Franco</kwd><kwd>Spain</kwd><kwd>Francoism</kwd><kwd>armed forces</kwd><kwd>army</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Престон П. (1999) Франко: биография, Москва, Центрполиграф, 702 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Preston P. (1999) Franko: biografiya [Franco: A Biography], Moscow, Tsentrpoligraf, 702 p. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Филатов Г.А. (2023) Военные против Салазара: Абрилада 1961 г., Латиноамериканский исторический альманах, № 37, с. 91–111. DOI: 10.32608/2305-8773-2023-37-1-91-111.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Filatov G.A. (2023) Voennye protiv Salazara: Abrilada 1961 g. [Military against Salazar: Abrilada of 1961], Latinoamerikanskii istoricheskii al’manakh, no. 37, pp. 91–111. DOI: 10.32608/2305-8773-2023-37-1-91-111 (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Филатов Г.А. (2025а) Система местных органов власти в годы первого франкизма (1939–1955), Латиноамериканский исторический альманах, № 46, с. 36–56.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Filatov G.A. (2025а) Sistema mestnykh organov vlasti v gody pervogo frankizma (1939– 1955) [The local government system during the first Francoism (1939–1955)] Latinoamerikanskii istoricheskii al’manakh, no. 46, pp. 36–56. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Филатов Г.А. (2025b) Совет министров в Испании во времена первого франкизма (1939–1957 гг.), Латинская Америка, № 8, с. 77–88.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Filatov G.A. (2025b) Sovet ministrov v Ispanii vo vremena pervogo frankizma (1939– 1957 gg.) [The Council of Ministers in Spain during the first Francoism (1939–1957)], Latinskaya Amerika, no. 8, pp. 77–88. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alpert M. (1982) La reforma militar de Azaña (1931–1933) [Azaña’s military reform (1931–1933)], Madrid, Siglo XXI, 338 p. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alpert M. (1982) La reforma militar de Azaña (1931–1933) [Azaña’s military reform (1931–1933)], Madrid, Siglo XXI, 338 p. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arcás González J. (2022) Franco y la economía. Influencia militar en el primer franquismo (1939–1959) [Franco and the Economy: Military Influence in the Early Franco Period (1939– 1959)], Fuenlabrada, SND Editores, 302 p. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arcás González J. (2022) Franco y la economía. Influencia militar en el primer franquismo (1939–1959) [Franco and the Economy: Military Influence in the Early Franco Period (1939– 1959)], Fuenlabrada, SND Editores, 302 p. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arenas Posadas C. (2019) Por el bien de la patria. Guerras y ejércitos en la construcción de España [For the good of the homeland. Wars and armies in the construction of Spain], Barcelona, Pasado &amp; Presente, 446 p. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arenas Posadas C. (2019) Por el bien de la patria. Guerras y ejércitos en la construcción de España [For the good of the homeland. Wars and armies in the construction of Spain], Barcelona, Pasado &amp; Presente, 446 p. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ausejo Martínez E., Velamazán Gimeno M.A. (1989) Los planes de estudio en la Academia de Ingenieros del Ejército de España en el siglo XIX [Curriculum at the Spanish Army Academy of Engineers in the 19th Century], Llull: Revista de la Sociedad Española de Historia de las Ciencias y de las Técnicas, vol. 12, no. 23, pp. 415–453. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ausejo Martínez E., Velamazán Gimeno M.A. (1989) Los planes de estudio en la Academia de Ingenieros del Ejército de España en el siglo XIX [Curriculum at the Spanish Army Academy of Engineers in the 19th Century], Llull: Revista de la Sociedad Española de Historia de las Ciencias y de las Técnicas, vol. 12, no. 23, pp. 415–453. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ballestero Aguilar A. (1993) Juan Antonio Suanzes, 1891–1977: La política industrial de la posguerra [Juan Antonio Suanzes, 1891–1977: Postwar industrial policy], Leon, LID Editorial Empresarial, 423 p. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ballestero Aguilar A. (1993) Juan Antonio Suanzes, 1891–1977: La política industrial de la posguerra [Juan Antonio Suanzes, 1891–1977: Postwar industrial policy], Leon, LID Editorial Empresarial, 423 p. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cardona G. (1983) El poder militar en la España contemporánea hasta la guerra civil [Military power in contemporary Spain up to the Civil War], Madrid, Siglo XXI Editores, 332 p. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cardona G. (1983) El poder militar en la España contemporánea hasta la guerra civil [Military power in contemporary Spain up to the Civil War], Madrid, Siglo XXI Editores, 332 p. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cardona G. (2008) El poder militar en el franquismo [Military power under Franco], Barcelona, Flor del Viento Ediciones, 380 p. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cardona G. (2008) El poder militar en el franquismo [Military power under Franco], Barcelona, Flor del Viento Ediciones, 380 p. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carreras de Odriozola A., Estapé Triay S. (1998) Entrepreneurship, Organization and Economic Performance Among Spanish Firms, 1930-1975: The Case of the Motor Industry, Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra Economics WP, no. 315. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.135289.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carreras de Odriozola A., Estapé Triay S. (1998) Entrepreneurship, Organization and Economic Performance Among Spanish Firms, 1930-1975: The Case of the Motor Industry, Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra Economics WP, no. 315. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.135289.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jordana Casajuana J., Ramió C. (2005) Gobierno y administración [Government and administration] in Carreras i Odriozola A. (coord.) Estadísticas históricas de España: siglo XIX– XX [Historical statistics of Spain: 19th–20th century], Bilbao, Fundación BBVA, pp. 973–1026. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jordana Casajuana J., Ramió C. (2005) Gobierno y administración [Government and administration] in Carreras i Odriozola A. (coord.) Estadísticas históricas de España: siglo XIX– XX [Historical statistics of Spain: 19th–20th century], Bilbao, Fundación BBVA, pp. 973–1026. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clara Resplandis J. (2002) Militarismo político y gobiernos civiles durante el franquismo [Political militarism and civilian governments during the Franco regime], Anales de Historia Contemporánea, no. 18, pp. 451–468. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clara Resplandis J. (2002) Militarismo político y gobiernos civiles durante el franquismo [Political militarism and civilian governments during the Franco regime], Anales de Historia Contemporánea, no. 18, pp. 451–468. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Garriga R. (1985) El general Juan Yagüe: figura clave para conocer nuestra historia [General Juan Yagüe: a key figure in understanding our history], Barcelona, Planeta, 282 p. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garriga R. (1985) El general Juan Yagüe: figura clave para conocer nuestra historia [General Juan Yagüe: a key figure in understanding our history], Barcelona, Planeta, 282 p. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Giménez Martínez M.Á. (2014) El ejército de Franco: un gigante con pies de barro [Franco’s army: a giant with clay feet], Passagens. Revista Internacional de História Política e Cultura Jurídica, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 439–479. DOI: 10.5533/1984-2503-20146302 (In Spanish)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Giménez Martínez M.Á. (2014) El ejército de Franco: un gigante con pies de barro [Franco’s army: a giant with clay feet], Passagens. Revista Internacional de História Política e Cultura Jurídica, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 439–479. DOI: 10.5533/1984-2503-20146302 (In Spanish)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guerrero Martín A. (2017) La enseñanza para la formación de oficiales durante el primer tercio del siglo XX [Officer training during the first third of the 20th century], Revista de Historia Militar, no. 121, pp. 51–90. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guerrero Martín A. (2017) La enseñanza para la formación de oficiales durante el primer tercio del siglo XX [Officer training during the first third of the 20th century], Revista de Historia Militar, no. 121, pp. 51–90. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Losada Malvárez J.C. (1990) Ideología del Ejército franquista (1939–1959) [Ideology of the Francoist Army (1939–1959)], Madrid, Istmo, 323 p. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Losada Malvárez J.C. (1990) Ideología del Ejército franquista (1939–1959) [Ideology of the Francoist Army (1939–1959)], Madrid, Istmo, 323 p. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Losada J.C. (2020) El ogro patriótico. Los militares contra el pueblo en la España del Siglo XX [The Patriotic Ogre: The Military Against the People in 20th-Century Spain], Barcelona, Pasado y Presente, 330 p. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Losada J.C. (2020) El ogro patriótico. Los militares contra el pueblo en la España del Siglo XX [The Patriotic Ogre: The Military Against the People in 20th-Century Spain], Barcelona, Pasado y Presente, 330 p. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marín Corbera M. (2013) Los gobernadores civiles del franquismo 1936-1963: seis personajes en busca de autor [The civil governors of Franco’s regime 1936-1963: six figures in search of an author], Historia y política, no. 29, pp. 269–299. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marín Corbera M. (2013) Los gobernadores civiles del franquismo 1936-1963: seis personajes en busca de autor [The civil governors of Franco’s regime 1936-1963: six figures in search of an author], Historia y política, no. 29, pp. 269–299. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Navajas Zubeldia C. (1989) Historiografía militar española contemporánea (1940–1989) [Contemporary Spanish military historiography (1940–1989)], Brocar: Cuadernos de investigación histórica, no. 15, pp. 139–148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18172/brocar.1818 (In Spanish)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Navajas Zubeldia C. (1989) Historiografía militar española contemporánea (1940–1989) [Contemporary Spanish military historiography (1940–1989)], Brocar: Cuadernos de investigación histórica, no. 15, pp. 139–148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18172/brocar.1818 (In Spanish)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Payne S.G. (1967) Politics and the Military in Modern Spain, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 574 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Payne S.G. (1967) Politics and the Military in Modern Spain, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 574 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Payne S.G., Palacios J. (2014) Franco: A personal and political biography, Madison, The University of Wisconsin Press, 617 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Payne S.G., Palacios J. (2014) Franco: A personal and political biography, Madison, The University of Wisconsin Press, 617 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Preston P. (1993) Franco: A Biography, London, Harper Collins, 1002 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Preston P. (1993) Franco: A Biography, London, Harper Collins, 1002 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Puell de la Villa F. (2005) Historia del ejército en España [History of the army in Spain], Madrid, Alianza Editorial, 320 p. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Puell de la Villa F. (2005) Historia del ejército en España [History of the army in Spain], Madrid, Alianza Editorial, 320 p. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Quiroga Fernández de Soto A. (2022) Miguel Primo de Rivera: Dictadura, populismo y nación [Miguel Primo de Rivera: Dictatorship, Populism, and Nation], Barcelona, Crítica, 416 p. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Quiroga Fernández de Soto A. (2022) Miguel Primo de Rivera: Dictadura, populismo y nación [Miguel Primo de Rivera: Dictatorship, Populism, and Nation], Barcelona, Crítica, 416 p. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roldán Cañizares E. (2016) Las reformas militares durante la II República: un asunto político [Military reforms during the Second Republic: a political issue], Revista internacional de pensamiento político, vol. 11, pp. 403–419. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roldán Cañizares E. (2016) Las reformas militares durante la II República: un asunto político [Military reforms during the Second Republic: a political issue], Revista internacional de pensamiento político, vol. 11, pp. 403–419. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sanjuán Altayó J. (2013) Una elit militar en el sistema industrial del primer franquisme [A military elite in the industrial system of the early Franco era], in J. Tébar Hurtado (coord.) VIII Encuentro Internacional de Investigadores del Franquismo, Barcelona, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, URL: https://bibliotecaccoocyl.fundacionjesuspereda.es/cgi-bin/koha/opacretrieve-file.pl?id=88804f83ebf97ed9b5d360518a52ed4d (accessed: 31.04.2025). (In Catalan)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sanjuán Altayó J. (2013) Una elit militar en el sistema industrial del primer franquisme [A military elite in the industrial system of the early Franco era], in J. Tébar Hurtado (coord.) VIII Encuentro Internacional de Investigadores del Franquismo, Barcelona, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, URL: https://bibliotecaccoocyl.fundacionjesuspereda.es/cgi-bin/koha/opacretrieve-file.pl?id=88804f83ebf97ed9b5d360518a52ed4d (accessed: 31.04.2025). (In Catalan)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sanjuán Altayó J. (2016) Una autarquia casernaria. Els alts càrrecs militars a El Alto Estado Mayor, Ministerio de Industria y Comercio i El Instituto Nacional de Industria, 1938– 1962 [A cesarian autarky. The high military officials in the General Staff, Ministry of Industry and Commerce and the National Institute of Industry, 1938–1962], Tesis doctoral, Barcelona, 320 p. (In Catalan)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sanjuán Altayó J. (2016) Una autarquia casernaria. Els alts càrrecs militars a El Alto Estado Mayor, Ministerio de Industria y Comercio i El Instituto Nacional de Industria, 1938– 1962 [A cesarian autarky. The high military officials in the General Staff, Ministry of Industry and Commerce and the National Institute of Industry, 1938–1962], Tesis doctoral, Barcelona, 320 p. (In Catalan)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sesma Landrin N. (2023) Ni una, ni grande, ni libre: la dictadura franquista (1939–1977) [Neither one, nor great, nor free: the Franco dictatorship (1939–1977)], Barcelona, Crítica, 758 p. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sesma Landrin N. (2023) Ni una, ni grande, ni libre: la dictadura franquista (1939–1977) [Neither one, nor great, nor free: the Franco dictatorship (1939–1977)], Barcelona, Crítica, 758 p. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thomàs i Andreu J.M. (1999) La configuración del franquismo: el partido y las instituciones [The Configuration of Francoism: The Party and the Institutions], Ayer. Revista De Historia Contemporánea, no. 33, pp. 41–63. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thomàs i Andreu J.M. (1999) La configuración del franquismo: el partido y las instituciones [The Configuration of Francoism: The Party and the Institutions], Ayer. Revista De Historia Contemporánea, no. 33, pp. 41–63. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thomàs i Andreu J.M. (2016) Franquistas contra franquistas: luchas por el poder en la cúpula del régimen de Franco [Francoists against Francoists: power struggles at the top of the Franco regime], Barcelona, Debate, 320 p. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thomàs i Andreu J.M. (2016) Franquistas contra franquistas: luchas por el poder en la cúpula del régimen de Franco [Francoists against Francoists: power struggles at the top of the Franco regime], Barcelona, Debate, 320 p. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Togores Sánchez L.E. (2010) Yagüe: el general falangista de Franco [Yagüe: Franco’s Falangist general], Madrid, La Esfera de los Libros, 849 p. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Togores Sánchez L.E. (2010) Yagüe: el general falangista de Franco [Yagüe: Franco’s Falangist general], Madrid, La Esfera de los Libros, 849 p. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Torres García F. (2022) Alfredo Kindelán Duany, Marqués de Kindelán [Alfredo Kindelán Duany, Marquis of Kindelán], in L.E. Togores Sánchez (coord.) La nobleza franquista y la Ley de memoria democrática [The Franco nobility and the Law of Democratic Memory], Valladolid, Galland Books, pp. 157–162. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Torres García F. (2022) Alfredo Kindelán Duany, Marqués de Kindelán [Alfredo Kindelán Duany, Marquis of Kindelán], in L.E. Togores Sánchez (coord.) La nobleza franquista y la Ley de memoria democrática [The Franco nobility and the Law of Democratic Memory], Valladolid, Galland Books, pp. 157–162. (In Spanish)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
