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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cuadernos</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Ибероамериканские тетради</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Cuadernos Iberoamericanos</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2409-3416</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5219</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MGIMO</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.46272/2409-3416-2025-13-2-189-202</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">cuadernos-693</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОСОБЫЙ ВЗГЛЯД</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ANOTHER VIEW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Ещё раз о глобализации, правах человека и «антропологическом оптимизме». Размышления над статьёй Мириам Фернандес Кальсады</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Once Again on Globalization, Human Rights and «Anthropological Optimism». Reflections on an Article by Miriam Fernández Calzada</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2382-0864</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шемякин</surname><given-names>Я. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shemyakin</surname><given-names>Ya. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Яков Георгиевич Шемякин, д-р ист. наук, главный научный сотрудник</p><p>115035, Москва, ул. Большая Ордынка, 21/16 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yakov G. Shemyakin, Doctor of History, Chief Researcher </p><p>115035, Russia, Moscow, Bolshaya Ordynka street, 21/16</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shemyakinx3@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт Латинской Америки РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Latin America of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>189</fpage><lpage>202</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шемякин Я.Г., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шемякин Я.Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shemyakin Y.G.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.iberpapers.org/jour/article/view/693">https://www.iberpapers.org/jour/article/view/693</self-uri><abstract><p>В условиях резкого обострения ситуации столкновения двух глобальных процессов, определяющих облик современного мира, — глобализации и «мятежа исключений» (т.е. усиленной акцентировки черт своеобразия конкретных человеческих общностей различного типа, уровня и масштаба — от небольших территориальных объединений до цивилизаций) появилась настоятельная потребность в переосмыслении ряда феноменов, имеющих ключевое значение как для дальнейшего развития представлений человека о себе самом и об окружающем мире, так и для определения основных направлений дальнейшей деятельности homo sapiens: глобализации, проблематики прав человека, специфики проявления качества рациональности в разных цивилизациях. Статья М. Фернандес Кальсады относится к числу тех весьма редких работ, которые отвечают охарактеризованной потребности. Осуществленная автором актуализация наследия Ф. де Витории и Саламанкской школы имеет принципиальное значение для нового прочтения универсального измерения человеческой истории, качественно отличного от того типа универсализма, содержание которого определяется формальной рациональностью западного происхождения и характера, явившейся воплощением «духа капитализма» (М. Вебер). Особое значение имеет то обстоятельство, что картина мира Ф. де Витории и его единомышленников «человекоцентрична», но при этом эти католические мыслители категорически отвергли основанный на упомянутом виде рацио ультраиндивидуализм, что дает основание провести прямые параллели с персоналистической традицией русской философии. Анализ М. Фернандес Кальсадой понимания проблематики прав человека Ф. де Виторией способствует переосмыслению этой проблематики в контексте постановки и выполнения задачи реальной универсализации понятия «права человека» и преодоления до сих пор доминирующей в мировом информационном пространстве тенденции ограничивать трактовку антропологической проблематики рамками западной политической и правовой традиции. Изучение статьи М. Фернандес Кальсады позволяет сделать вывод о том, что Саламанкская школа (и прежде всего труды Ф. де Витории) являет качественно иной по сравнению с формальной рациональностью тип человеческого рацио — ценностную рациональность, в рамках которой оказалось возможно преодоление антагонизма веры и рацио и достижение состояния их синергии. Наконец, выделяемый исследовательницей в качестве одного из определяющих качеств изучаемого ею течения «антропологический оптимизм» вызывает прямые ассоциации с «антропологическим максимализмом» православия, что позволяет сделать вывод о сущностной близости определенных течений в иберокатолической и восточнохристианской традициях.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>There is an ever-increasing collision between two global processes that determine the way the modern world is, namely globalization and the «rebellion of exceptions», i.e., greater emphasis on particular features of people’s communities of various types, levels and scales, from small territorial associations to civilizations). Therefore, it is of paramount importance that we reconsider certain phenomena, which are vital both for the further development of people’s ideas about themselves and the world around them, and for determining the main directions of further activity of homo sapiens: globalization, human rights, and the manifestation of rationality in different civilizations. The article by M. Fernández Calzada is one of those very rare works that meet this demand. The author updates the legacy of F. de Vitoria and the Salamanca School, which is essential for providing a new outlook on the universal dimension of human history. That outlook is very different from the type of universalism whose content is determined by the formal rationality of Western origin and character, which embodied the «spirit of capitalism» (M. Weber). It is important to stress that the worldview of F. de Vitoria and his associates is «human-centric», yet at the same time, these Catholic thinkers completely rejected ultra-individualism based on the aforementioned type of ratio, which allows for direct parallels with the personalistic tradition of Russian philosophy. M. Fernández Calzada’s analysis of F. de Vitoria’s approach towards human rights helps to reconsider the issue, as we face the task of universalizing the concept of human rights and overcoming the tendency, which is still dominant in the global information space, towards limiting the interpretation of anthropological problems to the framework of the Western political and legal tradition. M. Fernández Calzada’s article points out that the Salamanca School and above all the works of F. de Vitoria represent a qualitatively different type of human rationality as compared to formal rationality. It is a rationality of values, which overcame the antagonism of faith and rationality and achieved their synergy. Finally, the «anthropological optimism» identified by the researcher as one of the defining qualities of the current she is studying, evokes direct associations with the «anthropological maximalism» of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, which allows us to conclude that certain currents in the Ibero-Catholic and Eastern Christian traditions are essentially close.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>глобализация</kwd><kwd>«мятеж исключений»</kwd><kwd>права человека</kwd><kwd>универсализм</kwd><kwd>формальная   рациональность</kwd><kwd>ценностная   рациональность</kwd><kwd>«антропологический   оптимизм»</kwd><kwd>«антропологический максимализм»</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>globalization</kwd><kwd>«rebellion of exceptions»</kwd><kwd>human rights</kwd><kwd>universalism</kwd><kwd>formal rationality</kwd><kwd>value rationality</kwd><kwd>«anthropological optimism»</kwd><kwd>«anthropological maximalism»</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бахтин М.М. 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