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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cuadernos</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Ибероамериканские тетради</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Cuadernos Iberoamericanos</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2409-3416</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5219</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MGIMO</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.46272/2409-3416-2024-12-1-101-122</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">cuadernos-602</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИБЕРОАМЕРИКА: ГОРОД</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>IBERO-AMERICA: CITY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Город в Новом Свете в эпоху Конкисты</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Town in the New World During the Spanish Colonization of the Americas</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3799-9343</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кофман</surname><given-names>А. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kofman</surname><given-names>A. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Андрей Федорович Кофман, д-р филол. наук, заместитель директора по научной работе, заведующий Отделом литератур Европы и Америки Новейшего времени</p><p>121069, Москва, ул. Поварская, 25а.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey F. Kofman, Doctor of Philology, Deputy director, Head of the Department of Modern European and American Literature,</p><p>121069, Russia, Moscow, Povarskaya street, 25a.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">andrey.kofman@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт мировой литературы имени А.М. Горького РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>A.M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Science</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>101</fpage><lpage>122</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кофман А.Ф., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кофман А.Ф.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kofman A.F.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.iberpapers.org/jour/article/view/602">https://www.iberpapers.org/jour/article/view/602</self-uri><abstract><p>В мышлении испанских конкистадоров присутствует четкое разграничение целей и задач экспедиций, выраженное оппозицией глаголов poblar (заселять), связанного с цивилизаторской деятельностью, включая строительство поселений и городов (pueblos), и rescatar (одно из значений — вести меновую торговлю), подразумевающего осуществление рейдов в поисках добычи. Сам факт основания города для испанцев означает начало колонизации края, это своего рода «дверь» для проникновения «вглубь земли». Особенность заселения Нового Света в эпоху Конкисты заключена в том, что любому поселению изначально придается статус города и центра. На громадных неосвоенных территориях любой форт выступает в роли города как оплота оседлости, антипода бескрайнего, хаотичного, дикого пространства. Образ туземного города, сложившийся в сознании конкистадоров, представлен в двух различных ипостасях: город реальный и город мифический; притом, если испанские города в Новом Свете расположены в исключительно позитивном семантическом поле, то индейский город, будь то реальный или мифический, — пространство контрастное, амбивалентное, желанное и вместе с тем неизбывно опасное. В истории испанского исследования и завоевания Нового Света мифические индейские города сыграли куда большую роль, нежели туземные реальные города. Главнейшим стимулом Конкисты стали поиски мифических царств и городов, и большинство широкомасштабных экспедиций в Америке было совершено именно в погоне за химерами. Эти экспедиции не приносили добычи, зато приносили географические открытия. Разгоряченная фантазия конкистадоров способствовала тому, что громадные неизведанные земли в ареале испанского завоевания были в общих чертах обследованы в кратчайший исторический срок.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Spanish conquistadors drew a clear distinction between their objectives as they embarked on expeditions, with two contrasting verbs highlighting the difference: the verb poblar (to populate) involved establishing settlements and towns (pueblos), whereas the verb rescatar implied trading or even raiding the land. Founding a town meant the conquistadors started to colonize the area, relying on it as a «door» to go «deep in to the territory». Spanish colonization of the New World was marked by an important feature: any settlement was granted the status of a town and center from the outset. Any fort served as a town, a foothold for settlement in a vast unexplored area; it was the antithesis of endless and chaotic wilderness. The image of an indigenous town that conquistadors had in mind manifested itself in two forms, namely, a real town and a mythical one. While the perception of Spanish towns in the New World was unfailingly positive, an indigenous town, whether a real or mythical one, was deemed ambivalent, dangerous yet appealing.</p><p>Mythical indigenous towns played a more important role in the history of Spanish exploration and conquest of the New World than real indigenous towns. It was the quest for mythical kingdoms and towns that became the main driving force behind Spanish colonization of the New World, as most major expeditions in America were launched to pursue pipe dreams. Those expeditions failed to generate wealth yet they resulted in geographical discoveries. Conquistadors’ fantasies prompted them to explore the great wilderness in a short period of time from a historical perspective.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Новый Свет</kwd><kwd>Конкиста</kwd><kwd>испанский город</kwd><kwd>индейский город</kwd><kwd>мифический город</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>New World</kwd><kwd>Spanish colonization of the Americas</kwd><kwd>Spanish town</kwd><kwd>indigenous town</kwd><kwd>mythical town</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кофман А.Ф. (2001) Америка несбывшихся чудес, Москва, Профобразование, 352 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kofman A.F. (2001) Amerika nesbyvshikhsya chudes [America of Unfulfilled Miracles], Moscow, Profobrazovanie, 352 p. 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