cuadernosИбероамериканские тетрадиCuadernos Iberoamericanos2409-34162658-5219MGIMO10.46272/2409-3416-2023-11-4-205-227cuadernos-585Research ArticleСТРАНИЦЫ ИСТОРИИHISTORYК истории бразильского федерализма: от Первой республики до диктатуры ВаргасаHistory of Brazilian Federalism: From the First Republic to the Dictatorship of VargasЭстевесАна ЛивияEstevesAna Livia

Ана Ливия Эстевес, корреспондент; аспирант Департамента зарубежного регионоведения,

119021, Москва, Зубовский бульвар, 4; 119017, Москва, улица Малая Ордынка, 17, стр. 1.

Ana Livia Esteves, Correspondent; postgraduate student of the Department of Foreign Regional Studies,

119021, Moscow, Zubovsky boulevard, 4; 119017, Moscow, Malaya Ordynka street, 17/1.

analiviaesteves@gmail.comЖуковН. Н.ZhukovN. N.

Никита Никитович Жуков, бакалавр юриспруденции,

119017, Москва, улица Малая Ордынка, 17, стр. 1.

Nikita N. Zhukov, Bachelor of Laws,

119017, Russia, Moscow, Malaya Ordynka street, 17/1.

nzhukov@hse.ruМеждународное информационное агентство и радио Sputnik; Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»РоссияNews Agency Sputnik; National Research University «Higher School of Economics»Russian FederationНациональный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»РоссияNational Research University «Higher School of Economics»Russian Federation202327122023114205227Copyright © Эстевес А.Л., Жуков Н.Н., 20232023Эстевес А.Л., Жуков Н.Н.Esteves A.L., Zhukov N.N.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.iberpapers.org/jour/article/view/585

Исследование эволюции бразильского федерализма, принятого по случаю провозглашения в стране республики в 1889 г., осуществляется на основании юридического и политического анализа текстов Федеральной Конституции Бразилии в редакциях от 1891, 1934, 1937 г. и соответствующих поправок к ним. Рассмотрение данных юридических источников помогает раскрыть недостатки и преимущества, вытекающие из принятия заимствованной федеративной модели, основанной на опыте США и слабо связанной с местными реалиями и особенностями страны. Эволюция федерализма от Первой Республики в 1889 г. до Нового Государства в Бразилии порождает юридические нововведения в тексте Конституции, такие как внедрение конкурирующих компетенций субъектов федерации, придание муниципалитетам статуса субъектов федерации и изменение регионального деления государства в целом. Административные аномалии, возникшие в результате обострения децентрализации Первой Бразильской Республики, будут компенсированы периодом значительной политической централизации во время правления лидера Жетулиу Варгаса в 1930-е гг. Ярко выраженная тенденция к сосредоточению властных полномочий в руках государства, имевшая место в течение 1930–1940-х гг., привела к установлению диктаторской модели управления в эпоху существования «Нового государства». В связи с этим централизованное государство будет стремиться к изменению регионального деления государства с целью нивелировать возможное чрезмерное влияние местных властей. На протяжении всей своей конституционной истории бразильское законодательство колебалось между периодами политической централизации и децентрализации, оказывая прямое влияние на географическую и территориальную организацию страны.

The study of the evolution of Brazilian federalism, adopted on the occasion of the proclamation of the Republic, in 1889, is undertaken on the basis of the juridical and political analysis of the Brazilian constitutional texts of 1891, 1934 and 1937 and their respective amendments. The scrutiny of these juridical sources unveils the difficulties and advantages arising from the adoption of an imported federative model, emulated from the experience of the United States of America (USA), which had little connection with the country’s local reality and peculiarities. The evolution of Brazilian federalism produced juridical innovations in the Constitution, such as the inclusion of concurrent competences between federal entities, the elevation of Municipalities to the status of federal subject and changes in the regional division of the country. The anomalies that arose due to the excessive decentralization of the First Brazilian Republic led to the internal political crisis, but were compensated by a period of significant political centralization during the government of Getúlio Vargas. A pronounced trend towards the concentration of power in the hands of the State, which took place during the 1930s and 1940s, led to the establishment of a dictatorial model of government in the Brazilian «New State» period. In this context, the centralized government sought to change the existing regional division of the country to tackle a perceived hypertrophic influence of local authorities. It is revealed that, throughout its constitutional history, Brazilian law has oscillated between periods of political centralization and decentralization, with direct effects on the geographic and spatial organization of the country.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.