cuadernosИбероамериканские тетрадиCuadernos Iberoamericanos2409-34162658-5219MGIMO10.46272/2409-3416-2023-11-2-154-167cuadernos-540Research ArticleИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЕ СТАТЬИRESEARCH ARTICLEДвусторонние отношения между Испанией и СССР в годы Гражданской войны: фактор Интернациональных бригадBilateral Relations Between Spain and the USSR During the Civil War Under Pressure From the International Brigadeshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2308-2454ПучсекЖ. Ф.PuigsechJ. F.

Пучсек Жозеп Фаррас - доктор истории, профессор Департамента новой и новейшей истории Факультета философии и гуманитарных наук.

08193, Барселона, Беллатерра, Каррер де ла Фортуна

Josep F. Puigsech - Dr. of History, Department of Modern and Contemporary History, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters of Autonomous University of Barcelona.

08193, Barcelona, Bellaterra, Carrer de la Fortuna s/n

Josep.Puigsech@uab.catАвтономный университет БарселоныИспанияAutonomous University of BarcelonaSpain202318072023112154167Copyright © Пучсек Ж.Ф., 20232023Пучсек Ж.Ф.Puigsech J.F.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.iberpapers.org/jour/article/view/540

Одним из пунктов на повестке дня деятельности III Интернационала было сотрудничество с левыми силами Испании, которое с 1936 г. осуществлялось через Народный Фронт, коалицию левых и либеральных партий, сформированную накануне выборов. Политическая линия VII Конгресса Коммунистического Интернационала оказала значительное влияние на двусторонние отношения между Испанской республикой и Союзом Советских Социалистических Республик перед Гражданской войной и во время нее. Важнейшим фактором воздействия на эти отношения стала деятельность Интернациональных бригад — вооруженных подразделений иностранных добровольцев-антифашистов (коммунистов, социалистов, анархистов, националистов, левых либералов), участвовавших в Гражданской войне на стороне республиканцев. Создание и функционирование Интербригад — показательный пример трансформации оборонительной логики, принятой на VII конгрессе Коминтерна, в логику наступательную, обусловленную изменившимся сценарием развития событий в контексте начала Гражданской войны. Руководящим органам Коммунистического Интернационала и испанским республиканским властям приходилось сталкиваться со сложной системой сдержек и противовесов для поддержания двусторонних отношений между Испанской республикой и СССР. Одной из целей была необходимость сделать так, чтобы присутствие Интернациональных бригад не воспринималось как элемент вмешательства СССР в политическое и военное развитие Испанской республики.

The political line established by the VII Congress of the Communist International had a profound impact on the bilateral relations between the Spanish Republic and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics during the Spanish Civil War. In this case, the monographic example of the International Brigades is eloquent, being a sign of the transformation of the defensive logic of the VII Congress of the Communist International into an offensive logic. The context of the start of the Spanish Civil War meant a change of scenery for the logic of the VII Congress of the Communist International, whose most emblematic response from a symbolic point of view was the creation and management of the International Brigades. The directive authorities of the Communist International, as well as the Spanish republican authorities, had to face a complex network of balances to maintain bilateral relations between the Spanish Republic and the USSR so that the presence of the International Brigades was not perceived as an element of interference of the USSR in the political and military evolution of the Spanish Republic.

Испанская республикаСССРгражданская война в Испаниидвусторонние отношенияИнтернациональные бригадыSpanish RepublicUSSRSpanish Civil Warbilateral relationsInternational BrigadesReferencesBaxell R. (2004) British volunteers in the Spanish Civil War. The British Batallion in the International Brigades, 1936-1939, Routledge, London-New York, UK-USA, 238 p.Baxell R. (2004) British volunteers in the Spanish Civil War. The British Batallion in the International Brigades, 1936-1939, Routledge, London-New York, UK-USA, 238 p.Bradley K. (1994) International Brigades in Spain, 1936-39, Osprey Publishing, Oxford, UK, 64 p.Bradley K. (1994) International Brigades in Spain, 1936-39, Osprey Publishing, Oxford, UK, 64 p.Beevor A. (2005) La guerra civil española [The Spanish Civil War], Crítica, Barcelona, España, 904 p. (In Spanish)Beevor A. (2005) La guerra civil española [The Spanish Civil War], Crítica, Barcelona, España, 904 p. (In Spanish)Bolloten B. (1961) The Grand Camouflage. The Communist conspiracy in the Spanish Civil War, Frederick A. Praeger, New York, USA, 350 p.Bolloten B. (1961) The Grand Camouflage. The Communist conspiracy in the Spanish Civil War, Frederick A. Praeger, New York, USA, 350 p.Broué P. (1997) Histoire de l’Internationale Communiste 1919-1943 [History of the Communist International 1919-1943], Fayard, Paris, France, 1120 p. (In French)Broué P. (1997) Histoire de l’Internationale Communiste 1919-1943 [History of the Communist International 1919-1943], Fayard, Paris, France, 1120 p. (In French)Elorza A., Bizcarrondo M. (1999) Queridos camaradas. La Internacional Comunista y España. 1919-1939 [Dear Comrades. The Communist International and Spain], Planeta, Barcelona, España, 532 p. (In Spanish)Elorza A., Bizcarrondo M. (1999) Queridos camaradas. La Internacional Comunista y España. 1919-1939 [Dear Comrades. The Communist International and Spain], Planeta, Barcelona, España, 532 p. (In Spanish)Hernández Sánchez F. (2021) La maldición de Sísifo: auge, caída y reconstrucción del PCE (1936-1953) [The curse of Sisyphus: the rise, fall and reconstruction of the PCE (1936-1953)], en Erice F. (ed.) Un siglo de comunismo en España I. Historia de una lucha [A Century of Communism in Spain I. History of a struggle], Akal, Madrid, España, pp. 79-139. (In Spanish)Hernández Sánchez F. (2021) La maldición de Sísifo: auge, caída y reconstrucción del PCE (1936-1953) [The curse of Sisyphus: the rise, fall and reconstruction of the PCE (1936-1953)], en Erice F. (ed.) Un siglo de comunismo en España I. Historia de una lucha [A Century of Communism in Spain I. History of a struggle], Akal, Madrid, España, pp. 79-139. (In Spanish)Kowalsky D. (2004) La Unión Soviética y las Brigadas Internacionales [The Soviet Union and the International Brigades], Ayer, no. 56, pp. 93-120. (In Spanish)Kowalsky D. (2004) La Unión Soviética y las Brigadas Internacionales [The Soviet Union and the International Brigades], Ayer, no. 56, pp. 93-120. (In Spanish)Kowalsky D. (2005) La Unión Soviética y la guerra civil española [The Soviet Union and the Spanish Civil War], Planeta de Agostini, Barcelona, España, 552 p. (In Spanish)Kowalsky D. (2005) La Unión Soviética y la guerra civil española [The Soviet Union and the Spanish Civil War], Planeta de Agostini, Barcelona, España, 552 p. (In Spanish)Martín Ramos J.L. (2015) El Frente Popular. Victoria y derrota de la democracia en España [The Popular Front. Victory and defeat of democracy in Spain], Pasado&Presente, Barcelona, España, 332 p. (In Spanish)Martín Ramos J.L. (2015) El Frente Popular. Victoria y derrota de la democracia en España [The Popular Front. Victory and defeat of democracy in Spain], Pasado&Presente, Barcelona, España, 332 p. (In Spanish)McDermott K., Agnew J. (1996) The Comintern: A history of International Communist from Lenin to Stalin. Macmillan, Basingstoke, UK, 304 p.McDermott K., Agnew J. (1996) The Comintern: A history of International Communist from Lenin to Stalin. Macmillan, Basingstoke, UK, 304 p.Payne S. (2003) Unión soviética, comunismo y revolución en España (1931-1939) [Soviet Union, Communism and Revolution in Spain (1931-1939)], Plaza & Janés, Barcelona, España, 480 p. (In Spanish)Payne S. (2003) Unión soviética, comunismo y revolución en España (1931-1939) [Soviet Union, Communism and Revolution in Spain (1931-1939)], Plaza & Janés, Barcelona, España, 480 p. (In Spanish)Pujadas X., Santacana C. (1992) The Popular Olympic Games, Barcelona 1936: Olympians and Antifascists, International Review for the Sociology of Sport, vol. 27, iss. 2, pp. 139-148.Pujadas X., Santacana C. (1992) The Popular Olympic Games, Barcelona 1936: Olympians and Antifascists, International Review for the Sociology of Sport, vol. 27, iss. 2, pp. 139-148.Puigsech J. (2021) Antifeixisme i frontpopulisme durant la República [Antifascism and the Popular Front during the Republic], en Martín Berbois J.L. (ed.) 90 anys de la Segona República [90th anniversary of the Second Republic], Memorial Democràtic, Barcelona, España, pp. 217-239. (In Catalan)Puigsech J. (2021) Antifeixisme i frontpopulisme durant la República [Antifascism and the Popular Front during the Republic], en Martín Berbois J.L. (ed.) 90 anys de la Segona República [90th anniversary of the Second Republic], Memorial Democràtic, Barcelona, España, pp. 217-239. (In Catalan)Puigsech J. (2022) El PCE como eje del diálogo entre la URSS y el exilio español [The PCE as the axis of dialogue between the USSR and the Spanish exile], en Volosyuk O.V. (ed.) España y Rusia ante los retos del tiempo [Spain and Russia facing the challenges of time], Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenia, Moscú, Rusia, pp. 55-60. (In Spanish)Puigsech J. (2022) El PCE como eje del diálogo entre la URSS y el exilio español [The PCE as the axis of dialogue between the USSR and the Spanish exile], en Volosyuk O.V. (ed.) España y Rusia ante los retos del tiempo [Spain and Russia facing the challenges of time], Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenia, Moscú, Rusia, pp. 55-60. (In Spanish)Radosh R., Habeck M., Sevostianov G. (ed.) (2002) España traicionada. Stalin y la guerra civil [Spain betrayed. Stalin and the civil war], Planeta, Barcelona, España, 628 p. (In Spanish)Radosh R., Habeck M., Sevostianov G. (ed.) (2002) España traicionada. Stalin y la guerra civil [Spain betrayed. Stalin and the civil war], Planeta, Barcelona, España, 628 p. (In Spanish)Rodrigo J., Alegre D. (2019) Comunidades rotas. Una historia global de las guerras civiles, 1917-2017 [Broken Communities. A global history of the civil wars, 1917-2017], Galaxia Gutenberg, Barcelona, España, 736 p. (In Spanish)Rodrigo J., Alegre D. (2019) Comunidades rotas. Una historia global de las guerras civiles, 1917-2017 [Broken Communities. A global history of the civil wars, 1917-2017], Galaxia Gutenberg, Barcelona, España, 736 p. (In Spanish)Romerstein H. (1994) Heroic Victims: Stalin’s Foreign Legion in the Spanish Civil War. Council for the Defence of Freedom, Washington, USA, 127 p.Romerstein H. (1994) Heroic Victims: Stalin’s Foreign Legion in the Spanish Civil War. Council for the Defence of Freedom, Washington, USA, 127 p.Schauff F. (2008) La victoria frustrada. La Unión Soviética, la Internacional Comunista y la Guerra [The frustrated victory. The Soviet Union, the Communist International and the War], Debate, Barcelona, España, 525 p. (In Spanish)Schauff F. (2008) La victoria frustrada. La Unión Soviética, la Internacional Comunista y la Guerra [The frustrated victory. The Soviet Union, the Communist International and the War], Debate, Barcelona, España, 525 p. (In Spanish)Skoutelsky R. (1998) L’espoir guidait leur pas, Les volontaires français dans les Brigades internationales, 1936-1939 [Hope guided their steps, French volunteers in the International Brigades, 1936-1939], Grasset, Paris, France. 410 p. (In French)Skoutelsky R. (1998) L’espoir guidait leur pas, Les volontaires français dans les Brigades internationales, 1936-1939 [Hope guided their steps, French volunteers in the International Brigades, 1936-1939], Grasset, Paris, France. 410 p. (In French)Skoutelsky R. (2006) Novedad en el frente. Las Brigadas Internacionales en la guerra civil [Novelty at the front. The International Brigades in the civil war], Temas de Hoy, Madrid, España, 503 p. (In Spanish)Skoutelsky R. (2006) Novedad en el frente. Las Brigadas Internacionales en la guerra civil [Novelty at the front. The International Brigades in the civil war], Temas de Hoy, Madrid, España, 503 p. (In Spanish)Tremlett G. (2020) The International Brigades: Fascism, Freedom and the Spanish Civil War, Bloomsbury Publishing, London, UK, 696 p.Tremlett G. (2020) The International Brigades: Fascism, Freedom and the Spanish Civil War, Bloomsbury Publishing, London, UK, 696 p.Volodarsky B. (2013) El caso Orlov. Los servicios secretos soviéticos en la Guerra Civil Española [The Orlov case. The Soviet secret services in the Spanish Civil War], Crítica, Barcelona, España, 578 p. (In Spanish)Volodarsky B. (2013) El caso Orlov. Los servicios secretos soviéticos en la Guerra Civil Española [The Orlov case. The Soviet secret services in the Spanish Civil War], Crítica, Barcelona, España, 578 p. (In Spanish)Viñas Á. (2006) La soledad de la República. El abandono de las democracias y el viraje hacia la Unión Soviética [The loneliness of the Republic. The abandonment of democracies and the turn towards the Soviet Union], Crítica, Barcelona, España, 551 p. (In Spanish)Viñas Á. (2006) La soledad de la República. El abandono de las democracias y el viraje hacia la Unión Soviética [The loneliness of the Republic. The abandonment of democracies and the turn towards the Soviet Union], Crítica, Barcelona, España, 551 p. (In Spanish)Viñas Á. (2023) Oro, guerra, diplomacia. La República española en tiempos de Stalin [Gold, war, diplomacy. The Spanish Republic in Stalin’s time], Crítica, Barcelona, España, 512 p. (In Spanish)Viñas Á. (2023) Oro, guerra, diplomacia. La República española en tiempos de Stalin [Gold, war, diplomacy. The Spanish Republic in Stalin’s time], Crítica, Barcelona, España, 512 p. (In Spanish)

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.