<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cuadernos</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Ибероамериканские тетради</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Cuadernos Iberoamericanos</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2409-3416</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-5219</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MGIMO</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.46272/2409-3416-2016-4-40-57</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">cuadernos-159</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ЛАТИНСКОЙ АМЕРИКИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>A formação política do Brasil e o processo da democracia inercial</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The political formation of Brazil and the process of the inertial democracy</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Baquero</surname><given-names>Marcello</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Baquero</surname><given-names>Marcello</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ranincheski</surname><given-names>Sonia</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ranincheski</surname><given-names>Sonia</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>De O. De Castro</surname><given-names>Henrique Carlos</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>De O. De Castro</surname><given-names>Henrique Carlos</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email></contrib></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>12</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>40</fpage><lpage>57</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Baquero M., Ranincheski S., De O. De Castro H.C., 2016</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Baquero M., Ranincheski S., De O. De Castro H.C.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Baquero M., Ranincheski S., De O. De Castro H.C.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.iberpapers.org/jour/article/view/159">https://www.iberpapers.org/jour/article/view/159</self-uri><abstract><p>O artigo analisa a cultura política do Brasil, a visão do brasileiro em relação à democracia e às instituições políticas. Após 24 anos de ditadura militar, em 1988, o país retoma o caminho democrático com pro-cessos eleitorais regulares e alternância no poder. A redemocratização no Brasil, a partir dos anos 80 do século XX, no entanto, não foi suﬁciente para construir um sentimento de conﬁança na política. A desconﬁança com a política se acentua no país, gerando incongruências entre instituições, valores democráticos e desconﬁanças na política. Quais seriam as razões para este paradoxo? Discutimos, no artigo, o conceito de democracia inercial, criado pelo cientista político Marcello Baquero, como uma característica marcante no atual momento político do país. Assim, analisamos a história da formação política do Brasil, destacando a forte presença do Estado, da desigualdade social e da combinação entre autoritarismo e liberalismo, além dos elementos sistêmicos de corrupção e cidadania passiva.Concluímos que os brasileiros mantêm o padrão de desconﬁança nas instituições e que as conjunturas políticas vêm agravando esse sentimento resultando em uma democracia inercial por parte da cidadania brasileira.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article aims to study some important features of the Brazilian political culture. The article focuses on the concept of the “inertial democracy” elaborated by one of its authors, Marcello Baquero. With the purpose to discover the reasons of the disappointment of the Brazilians towards the politics the authors analyze the most signiﬁcant points of the Brazilian political formation and give their conclusions.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>democracia inercial</kwd><kwd>eleições</kwd><kwd>Brasil</kwd><kwd>conﬁança</kwd><kwd>cultura política</kwd><kwd>história política brasileira</kwd><kwd>inertial democracy</kwd><kwd>elections</kwd><kwd>Brazil</kwd><kwd>conﬁdence</kwd><kwd>political culture</kwd><kwd>Brazilian political history</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ALMOND, Gabriel; VERBA, Sidney. The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ALMOND, Gabriel; VERBA, Sidney. The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Debate, Belo Horizonte, v. 2, n.7, p. 6-10, jul. 2010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Debate, Belo Horizonte, v. 2, n.7, p. 6-10, jul. 2010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">BAQUERO, Marcello. Subsídios para a compreensão da cultura política - eleitoral da democracia brasileira. Revista Política e Sociedade. № 10, abril de 2007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">BAQUERO, Marcello. Subsídios para a compreensão da cultura política - eleitoral da democracia brasileira. Revista Política e Sociedade. № 10, abril de 2007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">BAQUERO, Marcello. Eleições e capital social: uma análise das eleições presidenciais no Brasil (2002-2006). Opinião Pública, Campinas, v. 13, n. 2, p. 231-259, Nov. 2007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">BAQUERO, Marcello. Eleições e capital social: uma análise das eleições presidenciais no Brasil (2002-2006). Opinião Pública, Campinas, v. 13, n. 2, p. 231-259, Nov. 2007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">BAQUERO, Marcello. (a). A desigualdade política na América Latina. Bases para construção de uma cultura política participativa. Trabalho apresentado no Seminário Internacional de Ciência Política da UFRGS: Democracia em Debate, de 3 a 5 de setembro de 2008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">BAQUERO, Marcello. (a). A desigualdade política na América Latina. Bases para construção de uma cultura política participativa. Trabalho apresentado no Seminário Internacional de Ciência Política da UFRGS: Democracia em Debate, de 3 a 5 de setembro de 2008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">BAQUERO, Marcello. (b). Democracia formal, cultura política informal e capital social no Brasil. Opinião Pública, Campinas, v. 14, p. 380-413, 2008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">BAQUERO, Marcello. (b). Democracia formal, cultura política informal e capital social no Brasil. Opinião Pública, Campinas, v. 14, p. 380-413, 2008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">BAQUERO, Marcello. Political Culture and electoral process in Brazil: What’s new? Cultura política e processo eleitoral no Brasil: o que há de novo? Em Debate: v. 2, n.7, p. 6-10, jul. 2010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">BAQUERO, Marcello. Political Culture and electoral process in Brazil: What’s new? Cultura política e processo eleitoral no Brasil: o que há de novo? Em Debate: v. 2, n.7, p. 6-10, jul. 2010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">BAQUERO, Marcello. A dimensão oculta da democracia latino-americana: A inércia e formas para superá-la. 2014. 122p. Tese para titulação de professos titular do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Política da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, dez. 2014</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">BAQUERO, Marcello. A dimensão oculta da democracia latino-americana: A inércia e formas para superá-la. 2014. 122p. Tese para titulação de professos titular do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Política da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, dez. 2014</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">BLONDEL, Jean. Party Government, Patronage and Party Decline in Western Europe. In: GUNTHER, Richard; MONTERO, José Ramón; LINZ, Juan (Eds.). Political Parties: Old Concepts and New Challenges. - Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">BLONDEL, Jean. Party Government, Patronage and Party Decline in Western Europe. In: GUNTHER, Richard; MONTERO, José Ramón; LINZ, Juan (Eds.). Political Parties: Old Concepts and New Challenges. - Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">BRATTON, Michael; VAN DE WALLE, Nicolas. Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transition in Comparative Perspective. - Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1997a</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">BRATTON, Michael; VAN DE WALLE, Nicolas. Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transition in Comparative Perspective. - Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1997a</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">CARVALHO, Fernanda C. de. Mídia e as eleições: as entrevistas do Jornal Nacional aos candidatos à residência do Brasil em 2014. In Aurora: revista de arte, mídia e política. São Paulo, v.7, n. 21, p. 7-25, out. 2014-jan. 2015</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">CARVALHO, Fernanda C. de. Mídia e as eleições: as entrevistas do Jornal Nacional aos candidatos à residência do Brasil em 2014. In Aurora: revista de arte, mídia e política. São Paulo, v.7, n. 21, p. 7-25, out. 2014-jan. 2015</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">CARVALHO, J.M. A cidadania no Brasil: o longo caminho. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">CARVALHO, J.M. A cidadania no Brasil: o longo caminho. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">CASTRO, Henrique Carlos de O. de. A Democracia Em Cheque: Problema Local Ou Global. In: Rita Terezinha Schmidt. (Org.). Nações/narrações: nossas histórias e estórias. Porto Alegre: ABEA, 1997, v., p. 85-93</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">CASTRO, Henrique Carlos de O. de. A Democracia Em Cheque: Problema Local Ou Global. In: Rita Terezinha Schmidt. (Org.). Nações/narrações: nossas histórias e estórias. Porto Alegre: ABEA, 1997, v., p. 85-93</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">CASTRO, Henrique Carlos de O. de. As Novas Redes Sociais e o Sindicalismo ( ou novas roupagens para antigas formas de fazer política). In: CESIT/ UNICAMP e UGT. (Org.). Sindicalismo Contemporâneo: Uma nova visão para o movimento sindical Brasileiro. 1ed. São Paulo: Salinas, 2014 (a), v., p. 182-191</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">CASTRO, Henrique Carlos de O. de. As Novas Redes Sociais e o Sindicalismo ( ou novas roupagens para antigas formas de fazer política). In: CESIT/ UNICAMP e UGT. (Org.). Sindicalismo Contemporâneo: Uma nova visão para o movimento sindical Brasileiro. 1ed. São Paulo: Salinas, 2014 (a), v., p. 182-191</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">CASTRO, Henrique Carlos de O. de. Cultura Política Comparada: democracia e mudanças econômicas: Brasil, Argentina e Chile. Brasília: Verbena, 2014 (b)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">CASTRO, Henrique Carlos de O. de. Cultura Política Comparada: democracia e mudanças econômicas: Brasil, Argentina e Chile. Brasília: Verbena, 2014 (b)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">CASTRO, Henrique Carlos de O. de. Sectarismo e despolitização. Carta de Brasília, Ano II, número especial, 27 de outubro a 02 de novembro, 2014 (c)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">CASTRO, Henrique Carlos de O. de. Sectarismo e despolitização. Carta de Brasília, Ano II, número especial, 27 de outubro a 02 de novembro, 2014 (c)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">CLAPHAM, C. Third World Politics. London: Helm. 1985</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">CLAPHAM, C. Third World Politics. London: Helm. 1985</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">DAHL, Robert A. A Preface to Democratic Theory. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1956</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">DAHL, Robert A. A Preface to Democratic Theory. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1956</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">DAMATTA, R. “Reﬂexões sobre o público e o privado no Brasil: um ponto de vista perverso”. Caderno de Ciências Sociais. Belo Horizonte, v.3, nº. 3, p. 51-59, abr.1993</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">DAMATTA, R. “Reﬂexões sobre o público e o privado no Brasil: um ponto de vista perverso”. Caderno de Ciências Sociais. Belo Horizonte, v.3, nº. 3, p. 51-59, abr.1993</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">FAORO, Raymundo. Os donos do poder: Formação do Patronato Político Brasileiro. 7 ed. Porto Alegre, Globo, 1979</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">FAORO, Raymundo. Os donos do poder: Formação do Patronato Político Brasileiro. 7 ed. Porto Alegre, Globo, 1979</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">FONSECA, P.C.D. The articulation regional-national and the origins of «Revolution of 1930». In: Ranincheski, S.; Negri, C.; Mueller, C. (Org.). The Brazilian Economy in Historical Perspective. - Brasilia, 2011, v. 1, p. 13-27</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">FONSECA, P.C.D. The articulation regional-national and the origins of «Revolution of 1930». In: Ranincheski, S.; Negri, C.; Mueller, C. (Org.). The Brazilian Economy in Historical Perspective. - Brasilia, 2011, v. 1, p. 13-27</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">HARDIN, Russell. The Crippled Epistemology of Extremism. In: BRETON, Albert; GALEOTTI, Gianluigi; SALMON, Pierre; WINTROBE, Ronald (Eds.). Political Extremism and Rationality. - Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. p. 3-22</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">HARDIN, Russell. The Crippled Epistemology of Extremism. In: BRETON, Albert; GALEOTTI, Gianluigi; SALMON, Pierre; WINTROBE, Ronald (Eds.). Political Extremism and Rationality. - Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. p. 3-22</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">HOLANDA, S. B. de. Raízes do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: José Olympio, 1980</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">HOLANDA, S. B. de. Raízes do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: José Olympio, 1980</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">IGNAZI, Piero. Power and the (il)legitimacy of political parties: An unavoidable paradox of contemporary democracy. Sage Journals, 2013. Disponível em: &lt;http://ppq.sagepub.com/content/20/2/160&gt;. Acesso em 13 mar. 2014</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">IGNAZI, Piero. Power and the (il)legitimacy of political parties: An unavoidable paradox of contemporary democracy. Sage Journals, 2013. Disponível em: &lt;http://ppq.sagepub.com/content/20/2/160&gt;. Acesso em 13 mar. 2014</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">INGLEHART, Ronald. The silent revolution: changing values and political styles among Western publics. - Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">INGLEHART, Ronald. The silent revolution: changing values and political styles among Western publics. - Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">KATZ, Richard; MAIR, Peter. The ascendancy of the party in public oﬃce: party organizational change in twentiethcentury democracies. In: GUNTHER, Richard; MONTERO, José Ramón; LINZ, Juan (Eds). Political Parties: Old Concepts and New Challenges. - Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">KATZ, Richard; MAIR, Peter. The ascendancy of the party in public oﬃce: party organizational change in twentiethcentury democracies. In: GUNTHER, Richard; MONTERO, José Ramón; LINZ, Juan (Eds). Political Parties: Old Concepts and New Challenges. - Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">KORNHAUSER, William. The politics of mass society. Glencoe: Free Press, 1959</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">KORNHAUSER, William. The politics of mass society. Glencoe: Free Press, 1959</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">LEAL, V. N. Coronelismo, enxada e voto: o município e o regime representativo no Brasil. - São Paulo: Alfa-Ômega, 1978</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">LEAL, V. N. Coronelismo, enxada e voto: o município e o regime representativo no Brasil. - São Paulo: Alfa-Ômega, 1978</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">LEVI, Margaret. Conscription: The Price of Citizenship. In: LEVI, Margaret; ROSENTAL, Jean-Laurent; WEINGAST, Barry R. Analytic Narratives. - Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998, p. 109-147</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">LEVI, Margaret. Conscription: The Price of Citizenship. In: LEVI, Margaret; ROSENTAL, Jean-Laurent; WEINGAST, Barry R. Analytic Narratives. - Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998, p. 109-147</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">MAIR, Peter. The freezing hypothesis, an evaluation. Em: KARVONEN L. &amp; KUHNLE, S (eds.). Party systems and voter alignments revisited. - New York. Routledge, 2001, pp: 27-44</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">MAIR, Peter. The freezing hypothesis, an evaluation. Em: KARVONEN L. &amp; KUHNLE, S (eds.). Party systems and voter alignments revisited. - New York. Routledge, 2001, pp: 27-44</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">MARSHALL, Thomas H. Cidadania, Classe Social e Status. - Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 1967</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">MARSHALL, Thomas H. Cidadania, Classe Social e Status. - Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 1967</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">MENEGHELLO, Raquel. Revista Pesquisa Fapesp, № 86, Setembro 2015</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">MENEGHELLO, Raquel. Revista Pesquisa Fapesp, № 86, Setembro 2015</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">MILL, John, Stuart. Considerations on the representative government. In: ROBSON, J. M. Collected Works of John Stuart Mill. - Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1977</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">MILL, John, Stuart. Considerations on the representative government. In: ROBSON, J. M. Collected Works of John Stuart Mill. - Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1977</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">MISHLER, William; ROSE, Richard. Political Support for Incomplete Democracies: Realist vs. Idealist Theories and Measures. International Political Science Review, v. 22, n. 4, p. 303-320, 2001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">MISHLER, William; ROSE, Richard. Political Support for Incomplete Democracies: Realist vs. Idealist Theories and Measures. International Political Science Review, v. 22, n. 4, p. 303-320, 2001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">NUNES, E. A gramática política do Brasil: clientelismo e insulamento burocrático. - Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar, 1997</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">NUNES, E. A gramática política do Brasil: clientelismo e insulamento burocrático. - Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar, 1997</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">PNUD. La democracia en América Latina: Hacia una democracia de ciudadanas y ciudadanos. - New York: Programa de las Naciones Unidas Para el Desarrollo (PNUD), 2004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">PNUD. La democracia en América Latina: Hacia una democracia de ciudadanas y ciudadanos. - New York: Programa de las Naciones Unidas Para el Desarrollo (PNUD), 2004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">POWER, Timothy; JAMISON, Giselle. Political Mistrust in Latin America. Comparative Sociology, v. 4, n. 1-2, p. 55-80, 200</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">POWER, Timothy; JAMISON, Giselle. Political Mistrust in Latin America. Comparative Sociology, v. 4, n. 1-2, p. 55-80, 200</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">PYE, Lucian. Introduction: Political Culture and Political Development. In: PYE, Lucian; VERBA, Sidney (Eds.). Political Culture and Political Development. - Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1965, p. 9-27</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">PYE, Lucian. Introduction: Political Culture and Political Development. In: PYE, Lucian; VERBA, Sidney (Eds.). Political Culture and Political Development. - Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1965, p. 9-27</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">RANINCHESKI, Sonia; SILVA, Carla EtieneMendonça da. Hegemonia, consenso e coerção e os beneﬁciários do Programa Bolsa Família. Revista Katálysis, v. 16, p. 111-121, 2013</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">RANINCHESKI, Sonia; SILVA, Carla EtieneMendonça da. Hegemonia, consenso e coerção e os beneﬁciários do Programa Bolsa Família. Revista Katálysis, v. 16, p. 111-121, 2013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">RANINCHESKI, Sonia; CASTRO, Henrique. Carlos de O. de Castro. Revista Perspectivas do Desenvolvimento Um enfoque multidimensional. RPD. Brasília. № 1, 2013</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">RANINCHESKI, Sonia; CASTRO, Henrique. Carlos de O. de Castro. Revista Perspectivas do Desenvolvimento Um enfoque multidimensional. RPD. Brasília. № 1, 2013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ROSE, R. and SHIN, D. C. “Democratization backwards: The problem of third-wave democracies”. British Journal of Political Science, nº. 31, p. 331-354, 2006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ROSE, R. and SHIN, D. C. “Democratization backwards: The problem of third-wave democracies”. British Journal of Political Science, nº. 31, p. 331-354, 2006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">SARTORI, G. Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1976</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">SARTORI, G. Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1976</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">SU, Yen-Pin. Anti-government protests in democracies. A test of institutional explanations. Comparative Politics. January 2015, pp. 149-167</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">SU, Yen-Pin. Anti-government protests in democracies. A test of institutional explanations. Comparative Politics. January 2015, pp. 149-167</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">HOLANDA, Sergio Buarque de. Raízes do Brasil / Sérgio Buarque de Holanda. - 26. ed. - São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1995</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">HOLANDA, Sergio Buarque de. Raízes do Brasil / Sérgio Buarque de Holanda. - 26. ed. - São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1995</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">FAORO, Raimundo. Os donos do poder... 3 ed. - Rio de Janeiro: Globo, 2001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">FAORO, Raimundo. Os donos do poder... 3 ed. - Rio de Janeiro: Globo, 2001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
